The American Civil War - 1117 Words

The novel March is one of the greatest depictions of the American Civil War in all of literature. March gives the reader an in-depth look at the everyday struggles of the United States through a soldier prospective during this time. It also show that even during this time of what was supposed to be revamping of the nation, many citizens and slaves alike in the broken mindsets that have led up to this point. One of the greatest examples of this is the relationship between Mr. Canning a lawyer for Illinois and the slaves at Oak Landing. This relationship is introduced to the reader in chapter six when the main character Mr. March who is a Chaplin in the union army is reassigned to this plantation. While at dinner with Mr. Canning on his very†¦show more content†¦One critic described the book very well saying â€Å"Brook’s affecting, beautifully written novel drives home the intimate hours and ironies of the Civil War and the difficulty of living honestly with the knowl edge of human suffering.† Publishers Weekly. This is exactly what the writer conveys to the reader in this novel. One of the many ongoing themes through the novel is the idea of conflict in the hearts of many of the main characters. Another critic simply said of the novel â€Å"Honorable, elegant and true.† John Freeman, The Wall Street Journal. Though this analysis of the book is short, it is important because it gets directly to the heart of the book. The reader must understand that this novel is simply one of the truest depictions of what this time was in America. While the novel March has many key moments, a few tend to stick out to the reader more than others. Among these are events like the opening of the story where March has just nearly avoided death during the battle of Ball’s Bluff. Soon after this battle he writes to his wife and children and tells them of the beauty of the sky that he sees in front of him and his longing for their love. Here we see for the first time that he uses his letters to his family as a cooping mechanism for all of the things that are going on around him. Not soon after, the reader is presented with another key moment in the story as March is reflecting. He thinks back to when he was about twenty years old and

Types of Image Compression for Medical Imaging Essay

Medical imaging, as we all know, is the process of taking images of various parts of the human body for diagnostic and surgical purposes. Some of the popular medical imaging modalities are X-ray radiography, Magnetic resonance imaging, Medical ultrasound, Computed tomography etc. Since, these images contain clinical data of extreme importance for treatment follow-ups and are acquired at cost of radiation exposure, infrastructure, money and time involved. Thus, once acquired, the medical imaging data should not be disposed off casually, instead it should be retained so that it can be utilized for various medical applications and the chances of repeated testing can be minimized. Also, maintaining electronic health records of patients serves†¦show more content†¦In other words an optimal compression ratio should be chosen so as to suit the needs of medical examination, without compromising with its diagnostic value [2]. 1.2 Types of Compression Image compression can be classified into two types viz. lossless and lossy compression. Lossless compression is the technique of reducing the size of an image without any virtual loss of information. It is also known as reversible form of image compression since the image obtained after compression and then decompression resembles the original one. Typical compression ratios that can be achieved ranges from 1.5 to 3.6 [3]. Conversely, lossy or irreversible form of compression techniques are those in which some or the other information is always lost. Though, lossy compression algorithms are capable of compressing images at ratios much higher than that achieved from lossless compression thus, ensuring faster rates of transmission and lesser storage space. However, the regenerated image is not guaranteed to be an exact replica of the original image, as some data is lost permanently, which will cause error during decompression. Typical compression ratios achieved may range from 5 to 50. Though lossy data compression is often acceptable but the game is not that easy when it comes to medical images. The data from medical imaging examination should possess certain requirements for fidelity [3]. 1.3 Barriers to image compression Lossy compression:Show MoreRelatedMammography: X-ray and Breast Tissue Essay1676 Words   |  7 PagesNovember 8, 1895. Eighteen years later mammography got its rudimentary beginnings due to these ionizing x-rays. 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Creative Writing Essay Example For Students

Creative Writing Essay He had a good job in the city, from which in four and a half years time he would retire to receive a healthy pension. Recently, he set up life insurance for himself and his wife, so that his nineteen year old daughter, whom he adored, would be looked after if the worst happened to either of them. After all, he did work for an insurance company and thus knew the importance of life insurance besides, his wife had urged him that at the mature age of sixty-one, it was the right thing to do. And he agreed. They lived in a beautiful bungalow in the Cotswolds, and he wished to ensure that his daughter could afford to live there once he was gone. His wife also had a substantial inheritance, so he had insured her too. In part her inheritance had been used as the deposit on the bungalow. In a few months, they were planning to use the surplus to buy the sports car he had always dreamed of owning. The door was close now, and the spawns soulless eyes peered into the room from the doors barred window. Standing over a bench stood a man. An old man, gnarled with age and working on an intricate machine. To a mortal man the sight would appear ludicrous. An old, befuddled man could hardly attract the attention of such a powerful warrior. But to the spawns eyes, he only saw the truth. He didnt see the lines of age which covered the mans face. Nor did he see the disfigured spine which pushed the mans back into a painful composure. But he did see the beast within. To the spawn, what stood in the other room had no dimensions, it glittered with a warriors sweat and had an evil which protruded off its hide like poisonous spines. This creature had roamed the aeons sending multitudes of innocent children to nothingness before their time. In ages past it was known as Ra, god of the sun, then it was known as Xeues. Only a thousand years ago they called him a Dragon, and now, he was known as a scientist. Figure heads for the world, able to control the elements to their wishes. But today, it was time for the creature to end its cultivation of evil on earth. One man who the beast had killed had refused to die. By sheer power of will he had re-spawned to become the Spawn, and now, after centuries of silent following had finally decided that enough was enough!Kicking open the barred door the Spawn raised his hell blade in a warriors salute and cried, Your time is up beast! Never again will you commit crimes against humanity! With this sword I commit your body to the flames! The spawns sword glowed with a magical flare and the spawn leapt forward, raising the mighty weapon above his head. The old man turned his head, his eyes grew dark, quickly turning black to match the colour of his soul. The beast within was anxious to react. However, the old mans body was too slow, years had aged his weary muscles. The spawns weapon dug deep into the silken cloth on the old mans chest and struck the heart, the soul and the beast. At once a huge gaping hole appeared in the fabric of space, and the stuff which holds all things together grabbed the beast and ripped it into the mouth of the porthole. With a whining scream the gateway to the other side slammed shut and the Spawn stood quietly over the empty husk of the old scientist. His life goal and mission over, the spawns soul began its transmutation to the heavens. Within a matter of minutes all that remained in the room, was an old man lying beside a pile of rusty old armour and a blackened, silver sword.

Valuing Patents Commercialization Toward -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Valuing Patents Commercialization Toward? Answer: Introduction Gap analysis, in the words of management literature, is a comparison between the actual performances of the company with the potential or desired performance. The ability of any organization to use its resources, investments in capitals, and technology in the best way possible determines compliance between desired and actual performance. if any company does not utilizes the above mentioned resources in a proper way, a gap between desired and actual performance is found and analysis of such gap is known as Gap Analysis (van Ittersum et al., 2013). This assignment is going to describe the gaps found in the nationally recognized universities help desk facility and their capabilities. Current state of organization The university is state recognized and therefore, it has a large pool of students registering every year for different courses. The college help desk runs 24X7 and has a multiple IT desk for helping different students. The help desk collects reports and records data of each student and their complaint however, they use obsolete mechanism to store the data such as emails or call volumes (Performance Gap Analysis, 2018). The organization administration completely depends on Microsoft office service for the conduction of their daily official works. Students are utilized in rotational shifts and the help desk authority is not trained in their work. However, the other departments of the organization are performing well and hence; gap analysis was performed based on help desk and its capabilities (Czegel, 2015). Desired state of the organization A committee namely help desk committee was set up in the leadership of the director of communication and technology and the purpose of this committee was to set up gap analysis and understand the desired state of the organization. As the organization was serving a diverse pool of students, it is the responsibility of the organization to provide the students with a premier educational and research institution environment. The desired state of the organization is lowered and controlled risk and budget of the helpdesk, higher focus on the research and development section and implementing advanced technology in the institute to make historic changes (Performance Gap Analysis, 2018). Existing performance deficiencies To find out the existing gap in the organization, the help desk committee visited four centers in the organization, such as College of Engineering, administrative computing service, network operations centre and network and client services. The gap, which was identified by the help desk committee, represents opportunities for the university to lower the operational costs and to improving the service and productivity. The gaps were lack of expertise in the help desk, lack of management data reporting, multiple Tier 1 help desk, very weak Asset Management and Limited tools or technology used in the research and development (Mineraud et al., 2016). Evaluation of the existing resources The organization has the capability to mend the gaps thorough the usage of its existing resources. The organization can finish the help desk related problems by responding to the problems through program driven responses. The organization has primitive machineries in the call-networking unit, which is in reactive mode. Changing this department into proactive mode can help to change the image of the department. The organization can use remote diagnostic and monitoring tools to temporarily fasten the service, as technological changes need research and development (Performance Gap Analysis, 2018). Alternatives that are available to eliminate the gap To mend the gap present in the data reporting management, the committee recommended establishing key performance indicators to align the business objectives and the expectations of students. These KPIs were established to measure the current performance organization against the best service. As the students had multiple numbers of options while having an IT related issue, the committee recommended setting up three different level of support that is tier 1, tier 2 and tier 3. This would help students to share their problems while seeking assistance from the help desk (McAfee, Brynjolfsson Davenport, 2012). To combat with the third problem that is the lack of help desk expertise, committee recommended training programs and skill improvement program. To mend the lack of technology in the research and development program, self-planning and self-learning opportunities were created. Performance management strategies There are different performance management strategies available for the university. The first strategy was to improve the helpdesk system by providing training to the employees. This is important as without expertise in related field, they wound not be able to fulfill student requirement. For example, Google is a multinational organization that provided training to its employees to mend the gaps present in the organization performance. Further dividing the help desk related problems in three tiers will help students to identify the level of their problem and associated department to seek help. The organization can seek sponsorship from government or private organizations for research and development as it can pull multinational students into the institution, which can provide revenue for the technological changes (Cummings Worley, 2014). Furthermore, the organization can increase the level of automation to decrease the expertise related problem in the organization. Substantial rationale The university is nationally recognized and the number of students associated with it is form different regions of the country. Therefore, the helpdesk system and capability should be compact and punctual. However, as per the gap analysis, there are lack of technology, expertise, training and understanding of the level of problem. Furthermore the organization uses obsolete databases to store its information, that is the prime reason if the loss of data. Therefore, the recommendations provided in the assignment are correct and compact to change the future implications of the help desk department of the organization. The University of Tampa did such changes in its help desk changes to ame3nd the financial loss and therefore, these recommendations are rationally correct (Sanberg et al., 2014). Conclusion Finally, it can be said that for any organization, understanding its gaps are of big importance as it can help the employees and the authorities to understand the level of hard work and technology required to achieve success. This assignment completed the gap analysis of a nationally recognized university and found several gaps in the help desk and its capabilities. Further, a committee was developed to find the gaps and recommend possible changes that can change the loss of the university in profits. The assignment also provided the performance management strategies and then provided rationale for it. This gap analysis helped the organization to find out the mistakes within the organization and a way to change those mistakes. References Cummings, T. G., Worley, C. G. (2014).Organization development and change, 10th Edn, pp: 256-279, Cengage learning. https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=IuXKAgAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=How+sponsorship+can+change+the+organization+ots=WMMycRAhpisig=zfNmSP0R6g5ewYkd9LDXRiDuhjU#v=onepageq=How%20sponsorship%20can%20change%20the%20organizationf=false Czegel, B. (2015).Help desk practitioner's handbook, 1st Edn, pp. 12-34, John Wiley Sons. https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=iJehCQAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PT14dq=why+help+desk+should+work+properly+ots=-WQKJPighssig=mdLMNr5XFtGuIRJUTv_ZSWULqlU#v=onepageq=why%20help%20desk%20should%20work%20properlyf=false McAfee, A., Brynjolfsson, E., Davenport, T. H. (2012). Big data: the management revolution.Harvard business review,90(10), 60-68. Mineraud, J., Mazhelis, O., Su, X., Tarkoma, S. (2016). A gap analysis of Internet-of-Things platforms.Computer Communications,89, 5-16. Performance Gap Analysis. (2018).Wayback Machine.Web.archive.org. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20110124155440/https://www.p4performance.com/ITHelpDeskCaseStudy.pdf Sanberg, P. R., Gharib, M., Harker, P. T., Kaler, E. W., Marchase, R. B., Sands, T. D., ... Sarkar, S. (2014). Changing the academic culture: Valuing patents and commercialization toward tenure and career advancement.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,111(18), 6542-6547. Van Ittersum, M. K., Cassman, K. G., Grassini, P., Wolf, J., Tittonell, P., Hochman, Z. (2013). Yield gap analysis with local to global relevancea review.Field Crops Research,143, 4-17.

A Swot Analysis On British Airways Tourism Essay Essay Example

A Swot Analysis On British Airways Tourism Essay Essay Example A Swot Analysis On British Airways Tourism Essay Essay A Swot Analysis On British Airways Tourism Essay Essay British Airways is one of the largest air hoses in Europe and is the national bearer of UK. The major hubs of the air hose are London Gatwick and London Heathrow. The beginnings of the company travel back to the 1920s. In 1924 four of Britain s chief air hoses Handley Page Transport, In rock Air Line, British Air Marine Navigation Ltd. and Daimler Airways came together to organize the Imperial Airways. On the other manus there were a figure of little air hose companies in the state that merged to organize the British Airways Ltd. This was subsequently merged with the Imperial Airways that resulted in the formation of the British Overseas Airways Corporation ( BOAC ) . In 1972 BOAC merged with BEA to organize the British Airways.A A A The denationalization of the British Air passages happened in 1987. It acquired British Caledonian in 1988. The air hose was chiefly a Boeing client for several old ages before exchanging over to airbus aircrafts in 1998. In 2008 the subordinate of the company, Open Skies was opened to profit from the relaxation of the transatlantic traffic rights. There would be non-stop flights between the US and the European metropoliss. It is expected that it would get down from July 2008. A In the 1990s the company had the maximal net incomes among all the air hoses of the universe. The company bought Delta Air Transport in 1992 and changed the name to Deutsche BA. In 1995 the company introduced a new subordinate, British Asia Airways to link Taipei with London. The late 1890ss were disruptive for the company. Stiff competition, hiking in the oil monetary values did non let the company makes good net incomes. In 1999 the company reported the worst downward slide in its net incomes since the company was privatized. In 2005 the company headed by Willie Walsh decided to travel for major alterations in the direction of the company to cut costs and salvage money. A British Airways has a big Boeing fleet but it besides operated other aircrafts. There were British made aircrafts that were taken from BOAC and BEA. During the 1980s the BA purchased Lockheed Tristan. The company has besides acquired Airbus A320 every bit good as McDonnell Douglas DC-10 when it bought British Caledonian Airways. A British Air passages at the clip of its formation had a preponderantly UK built fleet of aircraft. There was the debut of the Boeing 757 every bit good as the Boeing 737 during the 1980s. There were besides the Boeing 747-400, Boeing 777 and Boeing 767 that were introduced in the 1990s. The company has fitted most of the Boeing aircrafts that it had with Rolls Royce engines. The frequent circular plan of British Airways is called the executive nine. There are three sorts of rank that are available with the nine: Ag, blue and gold. There is besides the prime plan of the British Airways that offers more benefits than the executive nine. SWOT Analysis British Airways is one of the largest service industries that good managed the operation with an interesting coaction with the technological inventions. The purpose of the organisation is to increase the figure of clients through presenting the quality of service and satisfaction. Albeit bothered with the challenges in the nature of their concern, the air passage is still committed to function in a really ideal manner for safety travel. SWOT Analysis on British Airways A A A A A A A A A A A A British Airways is engaged in air services operations both in international and domestic airfreight. It provides assorted services runing in commercial flights service for riders around the Earth, lading cargo and mail services and other subsidiary services. British Airways chiefly runs its concern in Europe and in United States. Located in Harmondsworth, Middlesex, it employs 42, 755 people in all its sections. A A A A A A A A A A A British Airways facilitates flight reserve and booking utilizing the on-line cyberspace services in which clients can easy entree. Trying to look competitory and keep its unity as one of the best air hoses which emphasizes quality client services, BA strives to make high-end terminus installations and other services affecting comfy of clients while onboard. BA reaches out to 570 in approximately 134 states. Such magnitude of operations offers clients with assortment of finishs with world-class services that cater clients runing from adventurers to executives. Strength aˆ? It is one of the best company in air hoses. aˆ? Ambition to be no. 1 air hose in the universe. aˆ? Innovated. Failing aˆ? Competitive capablenesss. aˆ? Intangible assets. aˆ? Controversy Opportunity aˆ? Economic conditions aˆ? Expectations of stakeholders aˆ? Technology Menaces aˆ? Clangs aˆ? Technical jobs aˆ? Changes in market Strengths The strength of the air hoses bring in the perfect services in new fleet, and the best aircraft s purchased to supply the comfy going experience of travelers. This move made to oppose the province of travel and complains which they receive by the old fleet used by British air passage. The degree of British Airways operation is astonishing and, British Airways get an advantage on his rivals by to supplying the wider assortment of services to clients in comparing to the other rival air hoses such as virgin Atlanta air passages have a effect of operations15 times lesser than the British Airways is a great assortment of paths flatters this great magnitude of operations these factors makes the services of BA more easy to nearing client in UK and around the universe. The basic strength of the British Airways ( BA ) that served the full organisation for old ages is to present an equal solution for travelers in a most safety and hearty manner ( Chan, 2000 ) . Aside from the usage of assorted marketing schemes on the global web, the air hose selling and service are performed by most of the females. Prior to the equal labour for both genders, it is considered as the strength of the organisation for most of the females are trained to talk in assorted idioms. It is an advantage for the air passages to suit assorted races and at the same clip, perpetrate itself to present the equal rights in footings of labour ( Whitelegg, 2002 ) . Failings The global selling reply of the British Airways is wholly prioritising most of the demands of the clients. But in their scheme in a low cost-ticket can be hazardous in a long tally of the concern. Offering the low monetary values for tickets may non look harmful in the concern but decidedly, if the concern has greater outgo over the grosss, there will see drastic losingss ( Binggeli and Pompeo, 2002 ) . The creative activity of the low-priced bearers can weaken the services of some countries because the allotted budget will non fulfill the proposed usage of service ( Berry, Carnall, and Spiller, 2006 ) . It was exposed that company has a regulation of non let grownup male riders to siting following to the alone kids, even if the parents of that kid are someplace else on the plane. It led to the allegation of sex favoritism. British Airways come across contention. Association of European Airlines declare that the British Airways lost the more passenger baggage s in 2006 and 2007 as compared to other major European air hoses. The norm of lost luggage s is 46 % for 1000 riders carried, they lost 23 bags. Opportunity The organisation s thought about pull offing the people first is a enormous chance for their employees. The leaders can make a section wherein most of the people can concentrate on the assorted selling schemes such as publicities to heighten the fight of the organisation in the industry ( Gowler, Ledge, and Clegg, 1993 ) . Another chance that the organisation may happen is their advantage in the usage of the quality engineerings. Through the advanced ways of the direction, the organisation can trust on their information systems wherein the strategic selling and related plants can be performed. Through the usage of the Internet, the clients can see the efficiency in on-line engagement and can ease the uninterrupted growing of the organisation. British air passages have the concern category merchandise named Club Europe, and they offered on all short flights. At most of airdromes riders can utilize the concern sofas and are acquire served a breakfast in the forenoons flights or complete breakfast on ulterior flights ( jambon, salami etc. ) and if the flight subsequently in the twenty-four hours clip they served afternoon tea. Club Europe has form of 2+3 on 5 instead than 6 seats, but in first category and 2nd category they have a mini place in center. The aircraft can be adjust in 3+3pattern in order to do the aircraft to the full economic system. Menaces The chief menace for any air hose is clangs, climatic conditions, terrorist act and diminution in ticket gross revenues due to recession and proficient job in the aircrafts. Menace from the terrorists attacks many air hoses stop their flights to some states, such as British Airways halt flight to specific states such as Middle East and the chief states occupied with terrorist activities and have fright of their planes can be attack by them. Other major part of the British Airways menace is the increased competition among the air hose industry. Through the different competitions, there is a huge option for the clients and most of them choose the best monetary value and service that is fit on their budgets. Through the development of the different geographic expeditions, there is a position for the amalgamation and acquisitions ( Culpan, 2002 ) . The confederation in the air hoses is popular in which the schemes are bind together and the exclusive action of the organisation is limited. STRATEGIC OPTIONS In order to remain with the competition and to maintain the clients interested, they undertake batch of publicity activities. BA jointly organizes big figure of publicities with the other companies functioning the similar mark customers.BA gets in touch with riders, mark trueness nine members. Resource Based View ( RBV ) It is suggested that an administrations competitory advantage and superior public presentation is resulted from its typical capablenesss ( Johnson et al. , 2008 p95 ) . The resource based position foregrounding BA s resources and competences is outlined below. Resources Competences Threshold capablenesss Threshold Resources Tangible aˆ? Fleet of 245 aircraft accessing over 550 finishs ( British Airways, 2008 ) . aˆ? Additional services ( e.g. BA Holidays A ; The London Eye Company ( Datamonitor, 2008 ) ) . Intangible aˆ? International Customer Database. aˆ? Partnerships A ; Alliances with one universe ( incl. American Airlines ) , codeshare/franchise spouses, and subordinates. Threshold Competences aˆ? Training of land school, flight simulators, and cabin safety preparation ( BAFT, 2009 ) . aˆ? Economies of Scale from ongoing providers. aˆ? Ability to wing and pull off riders safely on assorted paths ( Davies, 2000 ) . Advantage capablenesss for competitory Unique Resources Tangible aˆ? Sole entree to LHR s Terminal 5 ( BBC News, 2008 ) . Intangible aˆ? Reputable trade name image. BA is recognised globally as a reputable trade name, reinforced by its long- standing being within the industry. Core Competences aˆ? Open Skies subordinate s aircraft neer have more than 64 riders per flight, with one attender per 12 clients ( British Airways, 2008 ) . aˆ? First UK air hose recognised as a developing Centre by the City A ; Guilds, measure uping all cabin crew with NVQ Degree 2 ( British Airways, 2008 ) . An debut to the program and to the company.This would include the A?overview of the company, its background, company type, size, turnover, construction and mark markets.A? Porter s Five Force of the British Air passages Competitive competition As the survey of the industry competition originating from the competitions among bing houses in the first force. In the planetary confederation industry British air passages provide Boeing and lading services and they have rivals like Lufthansa air hoses, Swiss airways, Virgin Atlanta, Delta, FedEx, and DHL. At same cost BA is supplying the more quality services than the other air hoses. New entrants Merchandises within the industry were greatly differentiated, with changing grades of quality, convenience, client service, and differences in the ambiance. New entryway will be low in the international confederation sector. The strongest presence of Lufthansa and American air hoses will be the chief rivals for the BA. British air passages are besides a celebrated air hose like others but for new entrants it will take old ages to be popular in confederation sector. A amalgamation program opens by British Airways and Iberia Airlines. In their amalgamation understanding the air hoses and their trade names names are similar to KLM and Air France. Substitute Open Skies, is the new air hose started and flies from Paris and Amsterdam to New York is the subordinate of British air passages British Airways World Cargo, is besides subordinate of the BA emmet it is the universe s twelfth-largest lading air hose based on entire freight ton-kilometers flown. BA City Flyer is a subordinate with Avro RJ aircraft in Edinburgh, but they runing chiefly from London City Airport. Buyers British Airways offers perfect services for riders going in the premium cabins and riders with position. Alliance industry has a batch of competition in the air hose sector, so the monetary value of the tickets alterations twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours to pull the more clients. The clients of the air hoses are largely concern or tourers. BA purpose is countered by foreign bearers such as Emirates, who fly direct from UK provincial airdromes to Dubai, Abu Dhabi etc and it has being successful. Suppliers Before the Heathrow airdrome British Airways purchase accoutrements and equipment slots from other air hoses companies including United Airlines, body mass index, Brussels Airlines, GB Airways and Swiss International Air Lines, and now they have their owns about 40 % of slots at Heathrow. The chief PEST factors that have influenced confederations are: Political. Politically, air hoses have to work within some are runing limitations. The benefits of the join confederation industry that will be near an unapproachable path. This has a monopoly that each national bearer ties in with slots, in their place metropoliss. The air hose industry acquire two sided understandings this is another political benefit for industry, which all member can use. Political environment concern about the function of authorities and its effects on the company. Economic. Europe capacity in exceeds demand, which leads to rate wars, bing lower give manner for companies increase the addition. Economically, they can cut down the competition and increase the manner to derive by lead industry to command on capacity. Airline menus are non split when the industry cut down the airdrome enlargement by codification sharing air hoses, but they offer services and enter in markets, they might afford to make on their ain. The less aircraft at airdromes, hence less infinite being required for aircrafts on airdrome, and this is the other technique to derive right to utilize premier airdromes, which can non increase further. Simmons, K Lewis, J Barrett 2000. Social. Cost can be reduced by using merely air hose s staff, air hose in confederations or codifications portion from employer staffing point of position these are strong. The demand and gustatory sensation which summarized by the societal environment and fluctuate market tendency and non refundable income, and alterations happens in market, both chances and menaces for peculiar confederation company can be provided once more. Technological. In this fast traveling industry engineering is of import and really expensive. The engineering which is usage in aircrafts is made by really few companies for illustration ( Rolls Royce ) makes the engines and other accoutrements for aircrafts. For purchase new engineerings it will necessitate support and perchance employees has to be trained before the equipments used by them. Recommendation British Airways is one of the best air hose in confederation industry with its new engineerings and good services. The company is able to pull more clients by supplying them some more services. They should hold more of the client service and trueness plans. The company should supply price reductions for their corporate clients. The company should acquire in touch with their clients when they have some promotional offers. Decision British Airways remains carefully optimistic about its hereafter chances. However, it is certain that well more work lies in front if the air hose is to win. The FSAS program incorporated by BA resulted in considerable cost nest eggs, and divestments besides raised financess to pay off debt. The end of the FSAS program was to accomplish a 10 % runing border and therefore more recent cost cuts and occupation loses have been made by Willie Walsh order to carry through this. In air travel, a great trade of success or failure depends on external factors, with BA enduring severely in the wake of the 2001 and 2005 terrorist onslaughts, , the war in Iraq and the planetary economic lag. However, the individual most of import external factor is the monetary value of fuel. Fuel monetary values are go oning to turn and this is likely to both erode net incomes and raise monetary values for BA. Rising monetary values could put BA in a disadvantageous place, peculiarly given the continued populari ty of budget air hoses. This is an of import factor for Willie Walsh to see. Walsh must understand that the cardinal growing country for BA is likely to be in value-added travel. In some countries, BA found that it could better clients experience while cut downing costs, such as in its edifice up of on-line gross revenues. Other value-added services are likely to see mid-priced flights being upgraded, as air travel continues to go more competitory. Overall, BA, through Walsh, must go on to endeavor to cut down costs and better client and employee satisfaction.

Agamemnons Clytemnestra Essays - Greek Mythology, Clytemnestra

Agamemnon's Clytemnestra Essays - Greek Mythology, Clytemnestra Agamemnon's Clytemnestra Analysis of Clytemnestra's Character in Agamemnon In Aeschylus' tragedy Agamemnon the character of Clytemnestra is portrayed as strong willed woman. This characteristic is not necessarily typical of women of her time. As a result, the reader must take a deeper look into the understanding of Clytemnestra. In Agamemnon she dominates the action. Her most important characteristic is like the watchman calls it, male strength of heart. She is a strong woman, and her strength is evident on many occasions is the play. Later in the play after Clytemnestra murders her husband, Agamemnon, and his concubine, Cassandra, she reveals her driving force and was has spurned all of her actions until this point. Clytemnestra is seen by the Elders of Argos (the Chorus) as untrustworthy and although suspicious of her they still could not foresee the impending murders. Her words are plain but her meaning hidden to all those around her. She more or less alludes to her plan of murder without fear of being detected. Only the audience can seem to understand the double meaning in her words. One example of how Clytemnestra hides meanings in otherwise plain words is stated in her hope that Agamemnon and his soldiers do not commit any sacrilege in Troy that might offend the gods. Now must they pay due respect to the gods that inhabit the town, the gods of the conquered land, or their victory may end in their own destruction after all. Too soon for their safety, the soldiery, seized with greed, may yield to their covetousness and lay hands on forbidden spoil. They have still to bring themselves home, have still the backward arm of the double course to make. And if no sin against heaven rest on the returning host, there is the wrong of the dead that watches. Evil may find accomplishment, although it fall not at once. This can be interpreted in two ways. The first being that her wish for Agamemnon to return safely is so she may kill him herself. The second, is that of sarcasm. Perhaps she really does wish for Agamemnon to upset the gods. That way when she murders him she will divine sanction. Another instance that there is a double meaning in her words is in her pleadings to the herald to take this message back to Agamemnon, let him come with speed to the people that love him, come to find in his home the wife faithful, even such as he left her, a very house-dog, loyal to one and an enemy to his foes The audience knows this to be untrue because not only has she not been faithful, but the person she was unfaithful with is the rival to Agamemnon's crown, his cousin Aegisthus. The Chorus' distrust in her is shown by their comment to the herald in which they are trying to explain her boastful and yet sarcastic attitude, She speaks thus to teach you; to those who clearly can discern, her words are hypocrisy. Time and again in the play her strength is demonstrated when she forces Agamemnon, Aegisthus, and the Elders of Argos to bend to her will. For example, she influences the Elders to sacrifice to the gods for Agamemnon's safe return and temporarily wins their trust and support. In fact they sing her praises for suggesting it by saying, Lady, no man could speak more kindly wisdom than you. For my part, after the sure proof heard from you, my purpose is now to give our thanks to the gods, who have wrought a return in full for all the pains. Her shrewdness is also shown by the way she coaxes her husband into submission. She wants him to walk on rich purple tapestries in hopes that this would anger the gods and they will aid her in his murder. She does so by challenging his manhood like in the statement, Then let not blame of men make you ashamed. In which she is basically calling him a chicken. He gives in and takes off his sandals and walks on the tapestries even though he fears it may n ot please the gods. She single-handedly plots the murder of Agamemnon and Cassandra. When she is

Financial Crisis of 2008 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Financial Crisis of 2008 - Research Paper Example Effects of economic recession or financial crisis are usually witnessed in employment, industrial production and in real estate income (Magdoff and Bellamy 41). The technical economic indicator associated with recession is economic growth which is negative which in quarters is two consecutive when measured by a nation’s GDP (Gross Domestic product). The 2008 financial crisis affected all financial institutions in the world. The financial crisis endangered the total collapse of financial bodies, the reduction in stock markets all over the world, world government tried to apply bailouts to financial institutions but still it had little effect. In certain areas such as housing was badly affected in that it led to foreclosures, evictions and unemployment among many people. In addition, the financial crisis was responsible for the collapse or failure of major business, decrease in consumer wealth and recession in economic activities all over the world resulting to the 2008 financia l crisis and leading to European debt problems or crisis. The financial crisis in the US was sparked by the housing bubble that influenced the values of securities in US associated with housing prices to destruction of financial bodies in the world. Further, the 2008 financial crisis was activated by intricate interplay of government laws that motivated home ownership offering them cheap interests on house loans. In October 2008, questions emerged regarding the issue of bank solvency, downturn in availability of credit to citizens and the destroyed investors confidence which had a negative influence on the world stock markets especially in the US and Europe where securities experienced massive losses in 2008. During this time, global trade decreased as availability of credit tightened. The US government reacted to this phenomenon with fiscal stimulus packages for financial institutions, monetary laws expansion, and bailouts (Magdoff and Bellamy 72). The US financial crisis left many shocked because it severely affected their lives. The crisis ended in late 2008 and the beginning of 2009 in the US when the congress enacted the recovery and reinvestment Act of 2009. After viewing the two movies, â€Å"Too Big to Fail’ and the â€Å"Margin Call† it is clear that the US financial crisis began in the housing industry specifically in the mortgage market known as subprime, which spread to prime mortgage, and other types of debts that mortgage firms in the US faced. The movie â€Å"Too Big to Fail† clearly shows the real events that took place in that the US banks and other financial institutions counted losses as high as third of the total financial or bank capital. The films shows that the crisis caused to sharp decrease in bank lending that resulted in severe downturn in the economy of the United States of America. Between August 2008 and October 2008, the subprime borrowers in the US have affected the availability of credit and decreased the repayment of loans. Subprime loans are risky because they are likely to suffer from default than loans offered to prime borrowers. Therefore, if a borrower makes timely repayment of his or her loan, the lender may claim the control of the property. In August 2008, the value of subprime mortgage borrowers stood at over $ 1 trillion with the total of over $ 7 million outstanding mortgage balance. This eventually led to the increase in lending of loans to subprime borrowers with the perception that the prices of houses will continue to increase with time. Further, this act was aided by the increase of non-bank autonomous mortgages, which regardless of their smaller share in the market contributed a lot to the housing indus

The UK has two legal professionals, solicitors and barristers. should Essay

The UK has two legal professionals, solicitors and barristers. should the professions be fused - Essay Example As perceived by the general public solicitors spend their time sitting in an office surrounded by legal tomes, whereas barristers lead a rather more active life. However there times when a barrister can act without being asked to do so by a solicitor, as so on such occasions does his own office work, as when for instance he is instructed by barristers in employment, when acting for patent agents or when instructed by Officers of the Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service. (The Bar Council, undated). At the same time solicitors can, under certain conditions, represent clients in court. Should this practise of differentiation between these two ways of being a British continue or should the two professions become united and act as one? Discussion There are always those who want change and those who will always prefer the status quo. In 1990 the Courts and Legal Services Act 1990 (Act)2 became legislation. Thurman ( 1993) described this as a monumental change. The aim was to give the public of the United Kingdom a greater choice of legal practitioners. The act, a controversial one, especially among lawyers, gave not only suitably qualified solicitors , but also nonlawyer members of other occupations. There are a number of other important changes such permission being given for the establishment of multi-disciplinary law practices which could nonlawyer members. Even international legal firms were allowed using lawyers from other lands. The Lord Chancellor stated that the aim of the bill was â€Å"ensuring that ... a market providing legal services operates freely and efficiently ....† Green Paper, supra note 10,  § 1.1 as quoted by Thurman .( page 4) If solicitors are allowed to represent clients in the magistrates court why can they not do so in other courts? Firstly many would not wish to do so. They may have an excellent knowledge of the law , but would not want to be seen on a public stage, which to some extent is what a high court is. S econdly a solicitor’s company may have a wide variety of clients with an equally wide variety of legal needs. They will have a wide knowledge of the barristers available and their particular abilities and specialties – there may be those for instance who specialize in commercial law or be excited by criminal practice. Also many cases are heard in London or other large cities, whereas the magistrates courts are much more local for the majority, as well as dealing with by far the bulk of cases, 95% according to HM Courts and Tribunal Services ( 2009). Only when a case is considered to require a sentence exceeding 6 months in duration are cases passed on to the higher courts. Even then much of the work leading up to the actual court case is done by the solicitor, the barrister taking over for the actual higher court appearance. Another point is that advocacy is only a small proportion of the work undertaken by solicitors according to UK Law Online 1998 which describes how much more time is spent on other tasks:- Litigation is only a small part of the work of the solicitor’s profession as a whole. Most are involved in commercial work relating to business eg dealing with commercial transactions, corporate matters, land, share and other property dealings. There is also a large amount of private client work which does not involve any litigation (if all goes to plan!) such as the conveyancing of houses, making wills, advising on tax matters:- Apart

Fourwinds Marina case study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fourwinds Marina case study - Assignment Example In terms of strengths, the Four Winds Marina has a lot of previous business experience. It is also catering to loyal domestic clients who frequent it on a regular basis. With charges of 21 to 33 dollars per night, the marina is also quite affordable for the majority of citizens. The Four Winds also has extensive grounds and numerous amenities which make it possible for improvements to be made, signaling a potentially high rate of growth. In regards to weaknesses, the Four Winds Marina has not been experiencing peak performance in spite of the hiring of an assortment of general managers. The general manager of the Four Winds could also be a liability if he is completely unable to fully understand all the operations that are required in order for improvements to be realized more technical operations. Keltner is already saddled with responsibilities, as it stands more technical operations. He may need to speak with his boss, Taggart, about the possibility of hiring other skilled and acc omplished assistants who will leave him free to make decisions in what he feels comfortable with, while leaving the other, more technical operations, to his more accomplished junior assistants. This will also ensure that the general manager does not grow too tired with his responsibilities. Sandy has also not invested in more research and development operations that may be necessary to remain relevant. In terms of opportunities, there are numerous developments that the marina is looking to effect.

A Personal Ethics Reflection

A Personal Ethics Reflection It appears that my ethical framework may be somewhat eclectic. Nonetheless, having happened to read the articles on Deontology and Utilitarianism (Kay, 1997; Deontological Ethics, 2008), I have come to the conclusion that my ethical framework largely revolves around the duty aspect of Deontology. Up to this point, I was unable to put a name to my ethical beliefs/value system. I knew for sure though that my values were strongly based on my experiences as a Christian. I strongly believe that rules are meant to be kept-not broken as is the commonly heard expression. For me, life consists of a set of rules and duties-typical of a Deontologist. . I believe strongly that ones duty is strongly stipulated by Christ; for example, the Great Commission, and the living a righteous life that is pleasing to God. Here is an example: recently I was to complete some readings for one of my courses but I was unable to do all the readings as I had previously made plans to attend a function at church. Wh en I attended the class, I considered the possibility of being questioned directly about one of the articles that I had not read. Knowing that lying was not an option, I would have (as is my moral duty) had to tell my lecturer that I had been unable to complete that particular reading. Had my moral principles revolved largely around Utilitarianism and Consequentialism, I would have told a lie because it would have prevented me from being suspended from the seminar which would have affected my attendance percentage Thus at the end of the day, my ethical principles are incorporated with the whole idea of the Trinity residing in me. Now one may argue that it would be different if I had a family member who was a homosexual or committed homosexual acts. I concur, it would be different. In fact, I would be more emotionally and spiritually invested which would be the precursor to more intense prayer and fasting for that loved one. My Bible points me to the availing power of the effectual and fervent prayer of the righteous (James 5 verse 16). Therefore, based on the fact that I would hate to see my loved one sent to hell, I would be on my knees praying for that persons deliverance. As I noted before, there is a mixture of duties and consequence. I have my Christian duties that if not fulfilled have great consequences for my soul. Additionally, I have as a new man in Christ an understanding of Gods specific commands, so it does not matter who the person is; that is, there is no agent-relativity. Within my ethical framework, I think my primary ethical principle revolves around the concept of Doing unto others as you would have them do unto you. Within this principle, some of the rules that I subscribe to relate to a passage of Biblical scripture that require Christians to avoid judging and condemning others whilst ensuring that they are merciful and forgiving (St. Luke 6 verse 36-37, King James Version). The idea of avoiding judgement and condemnation does not imply that one is to accept or encourage an act that is not of God. The Bible gives specific guidelines as to what activities are condoned and prohibited. Thus, it is my duty to uphold the Christian laws and bring the Word to a non-Christian (St. Matthew 28 verse 18-20). Therefore, the principle regarding judgement and condemnation does not conflict with the stance I took with homosexuality (Romans 1 verse 24-32; 2 Corinthians 6 verse 8; 2 Thessalonians 3 verse 6). I will give a further example of the principle regarding judgement and condemnation. I have recently found myself in a quandary whilst interacting with persons who are not Christians. The most recent example was whilst interacting with a lecturer in class about Professor Stephen Hawkings most recent theory on the creation of the universe. My lecturer became instantaneously excited once Professor Hawkings name was mentioned. In fact, he proceeded to declare how awesome Professor Hawking was in his ability to explain the creation of the universe without acknowledging the presence of a supernatural force. Of course I thought this was absolute blasphemy and pitied my lecturer for what appeared to be atheism and his sure eternal damnation. It was not until after the class that I was sent back to my principle and rules about judging others. I was reminded that it is not my duty to decide on my lecturers fate though I am required to be a witness. In my estimation, ethics is a convoluted concept that requires much emotional, spiritual and cognitive investment. I also believe that the formation of my ethical principles has gone through and will go through several revolutions. The revolutions I forsee involve a strengthening of my present beliefs. Of course, it is expected that future exposure will likely hone the way in which I presently express my beliefs and so I will possibly become more tactful whilst voicing my principles. My ethical principles have been formed due to life experiences. When I was much younger, my principles were probably more a function of fearing the belt (consequences) versus what was my inherent DUTY. With age, emotional, cognitive and spiritual maturity, I have progressed from a more concretized way of accepting principles. The Bible speaks to allowing God to reveal Himself to us (1 Corinthians 2 verse 9-14; Life Application Study Bible, 1991) and in questioning certain things ranging from the presence and development of God to the importance of Gods grace; the Lord has proven Himself to me as a being who is worthy of my praise. Thus, I believe the fundamental framework, principles and rules that I subscribe to will remain with me until death. I also recognize that my beliefs and values transcend all areas of my life. Thus, whereas some persons subscribe to the law of the land as the highest form of power; the laws of my creator supersede all others. Therefore, within my professional and personal life, the Trinity reigns supreme and will continue to influence the way in which I define my ethics. Second Timothy 4 verse 16-17 notes ALL scripture is God-breathed and is useful for teaching, rebuking, correcting and training in righteousness so that the man of God may be thoroughly equipped for every good work (Life Application Study Bible, 1991).

Off The Cuff (Improvisation) :: essays research papers

Off the Cuff Do people always know what to say next? To use actions never thought of ahead of time? To carry on a conversation when the person talking to you throws out a question way off base, and yourself, the person receiving the question, doesn’t know what to say? Welcome to the world of Improvisation. We all know how these questions make us feel, using improvisation is just the fancy term used. A theatrical skill used in comedies, dramas, and mostly in small time theatre groups (The Groundlings). Improvisation, the ability to compose, to make, recite, invent, or arrange offhand. Some points of view in a theatre perspective are a look ahead on train of thought, actions with movement, and where exactly is this going, (the ultimate meaning).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When people talk in conversations, they usually think of what they are going to say, a category, or subject. A look ahead, or train of thought is always a skill. Improvisation is also included in a scene or conversation that what ever comes out of the mouth at a steady pace and make some sort of sense. In many comical theatre groups today, they use improvisation by using the audiences’ thoughts or suggestions. So now the actors or actresses have to make up a scene using not their own thoughts, but the audiences, and make sense.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An action with movement is another term of Improvisation used in theatre. To use movement makes the point or thought the person is trying to get across a lot clearer. Actions that have no meaning with the conversation may confuse some people. For example, if someone is in a business meeting is talking a respective manner while at the same time is performing the act of skiing down a hill, the person seeing and hearing this would be confused. The action he/she would want to use is legs crossed, hands folded, and looking into the persons eyes while talking. No dialog can still move a conversation or theatrical scene. It all depends on how it is done.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Where is this going? The thought usually pops up in an individual’s head at one time. To have an ultimate meaning is another important manner in improvisation. To think of dialog is a skill many people do not have. In crowds, or groups, some people have to talk from note cards or a letter with an outline. Others can talk all day without those because they have the use of their brain that outputs dialog that makes sense with the conversation.

Mid-Term Break Essay

‘Mid-term Break’ was written in 1966 by Seamus Heaney. This poem is autobiographical as it was written about a real event of Heaney’s life. It is about him and his family grieving from the death of his four year old brother. When the tragedy struck he was only fourteen. This poem focuses on how people reacted to the death. The title of this poem is unusual as a mid-term break is normally thought of as a break off school that has been planned beforehand but in the poem it is unexpected. I feel that Heaney is very honest when he writes about how people reacted to the death of his brother. The poem is set into eight stanzas, the first seven contain three lines and the last only contains one. The first stanza is set in the sick bay of what we think is his boarding school. Heaney was waiting on his neighbours to pick him up and take him home. We wonder why he was sitting in a sick bay and not at home with his family. Heaney seemed bored of waiting: â€Å"I sat all morning†¦ counting bells knelling classes to a close.† This phrase ‘counting bells’ suggests that time was passing by slowly. The word ‘all’ is emphasised as if he is really bored and can’t wait to leave the sick bay. The quote also includes alliteration on the letter ‘l’ showing the long chiming of the bells. The connotations of the word ‘knelling’ are it reminds us of funerals and church bells which also suggest something not so nice has happened. Throughout the stanza we wonder what he is waiting for and why the neighbours are picking him up and not his parents, which suggests that something has happened to them which leaves us with an uneasy feeling. The second stanza is set outside the family home on the front porch. When Heaney arrives home he meets his father crying which is unusual for him as his father normally took ‘funerals in his stride.’ Heaney also meets ‘Big Jim Evans’ who is suggested to be a family friend or a farm worker. ‘Big Jim Evans’ makes a tactless comment by saying ‘it was a hard blow.’ On first reading you don’t realise how awkward the situation would be for Heaney after the tactless comment was made. Some people may react very harshly to the comment as it is a very upsetting time for families and friends,  although we only realise the full extent of this gate at the end of the poem. The next three stanzas are set in the living room with many grieving family members and friends paying their respects. These stanzas are joined by enjambment as the poem carries on after each stanza without full stops. As Heaney entered the living room his youngest sibling ‘cooed and laughed and rocked the pram’ in excitement, an activity that seemed out of place for such a sad event. He was also embarrassed by the older men shaking his hand as he walked through the door. He felt very awkward as it was an unusual thing to happen to him. The old me were telling him how sorry they were for his trouble. Strangers where being informed that he was the eldest, away at school. Heaney noticed that they were whispering which would have meant the situation would have been awkward for him. Heaney’s mother took his hand in hers which wasn’t only to comfort him but to comfort her as well. As she held his hand she ‘coughed out angry tearless sighs.’ She was probably very distressed and angry, not only at herself but also the driver who had hit her son. At ten o’clock the ambulance arrived with his brother’s body. In the poem Heaney refers to his brother’s body as ‘the corpse’ which sounds very impersonal and a strange word to use describing a family member. I think Heaney wasn’t allowing himself to believe it was his brother. The body arrived ‘stanched and bandaged by the nurses.’ The next two stanzas are set the next morning upstairs in the bedroom. Throughout these two stanzas Heaney uses personal pronouns but before he had spoken about his brother as another body. Heaney sits alone next to his brother’s body. These two stanzas have a feel of a calm and soft atmosphere which contrasts with the first five stanzas. The first five stanzas have a more awkward, tense and sad atmosphere. In the room the unusual feeling is gone. The metaphor used at the start of stanza seven, ‘wearing a poppy bruise’ reminds us of death and unhappy times. The bruise placed upon his left temple, was probably the same size, shape and colour as a poppy. Heaney uses the word ‘wearing’ to describe his brother’s bruise. By using this word it makes it sound as if it was just there and could be taken off, not something that was permanent and part of his brother. Heaney described his brother as if he was lying in his cot not a coffin. By doing this it conveys  the feeling that he is just asleep, all well and peaceful a bit like a baby. He looks normal as he had ‘no gaudy scars’ on his body. We find out that Heaney hadn’t seen his brother for six weeks and seeing his brother just lying there with no expression of happiness at his arrival must has made him feel angry and extremely sad but still he never shows any personal emotions in the way he writes. The last line of stanza seven is where we find out what happened to the little bot. Heaney’s younger brother had been hit by a ‘bumper’-part of a car-which had ‘knocked him clear’ hence the lack of horrible cuts and scars. As the boy lay In his coffin he was ‘soothed’ by snowdrops and candles which helped to calm and create a peaceful environment for grieving family members. The last stanza of the poem is structured with only one line making it standout and seem important. This stanza is very emotional not just for the family but also for the reader as you find out exactly how old the younger brother was when he was hit by the car. Heaney uses the word ‘box’ which sounds more homely, less threatening, not so much like a coffin. A box makes it sound very small unlike a coffin which is normally quite big. The alliteration on the letter ‘f’ in the last line helps Heaney emphasise the age of the little boy. The last line is placed on its own separated from the rest just like the little boy removed from the world alone by death: ‘A four foot box, a foot for every year.’ The simplicity of the poem’s structure emphasises the emotions that were carried out throughout the poem. During the poem you get the feeling that Heaney is grieving for his younger brother by holding back his emotions because it would be too painful and uncomfortable for him to express it openly. In the first few stanzas Heaney tries to distance himself from everyone and the fact that his brother has passed away by using the word ‘corpse.’ Heaney uses emotionless statements in his first few stanzas which to me shows that he had emotions but was trying really hard not to show them. I have enjoyed reading ‘Mid-term Break’ even though it is an emotional poem as it has given me a lot to think about. I have thought about Heaney must have felt knowing he wasn’t going to see his brother again. This poem was very interesting and emotional even though Heaney at times, tries to  hold back his emotions and it is interesting to see how people coped in their own different ways with the death.

Difference between judicial ac essays

Difference between judicial ac essays Difference between Judicial activism and Judicial restraint Our American judiciary branch of the federal government has contributed and molded our American beliefs in this great nation. This branch of government is respected because of the code of conduct that the judges, no matter how conservative or liberal. The language of the court as well as the uniform of the cloaks that judges wear has most probably contributed towards this widespread respect. Throughout the history of the United States, I noticed a pattern of cause and effect that our judiciary branch had practiced. I noticed that the judicial branch usually restrain themselves from involving in critical civil policy, but will be active when the time comes when the general public, in which the case is decided, feels a change is needed. We have enough evidence to see how our judicial branch should act. Should the judicial branch be more active towards shaping American policy or restrain as long as possible before being forced to act upon very critical civil policies? Judicial activism is the view that the Supreme Court should be an active and creative partner with the legislative and executive branches in shaping government policy (Wasserman American Politics 138). The believers of this philosophical view of how our judicial branch should be suggest that the Supreme Court more active and participate in molding the policies of American society. It can be argued that during the end of the Civil War and the Separate but Equal era, in cases such as the Brown v. Board of Education, Baker v. Carr, Missouri ex. Rel. Gaines v. Canada, and Sweatt v. Painter. The more recent, Bush v. Gore case is a fine example of judicial activism. Judicial Restraint, on the other hand, is the idea that the Court should not impose its views on other branches of the government or the states unless there is a clear violation of the Constitution (Wasserman American Po...

The 15 Easiest Scholarships to Apply For

The 15 Easiest Scholarships to Apply For SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Scholarships are awesome resources if you’re checking out different ways to payfor college. It’s free money after all- what’s not to love? As it turns out, most scholarship programs have application processes that aren’t exactly lovable. Students generally have to submit a lot ofinformation about themselves: transcripts, GPAs, test scores, resumes, community service activities, and so on. There might even be a few essays and grade requirements thrown in as well. You don’t want to complain- because, again, free money- but these applications sure are tedious when you’re working on college apps, high school courses, and financial aid applications all at the same time. The following easy scholarships have application processes that are a bit more manageable. Some ask you to write short essays, while othersdon’t require any essays at all! The awards might not be as large as some other scholarships out there, but when the application process is so easy, you really don’t have much to lose. I'll start off with some words of warning before getting into the good stuff:essay and no-essay scholarships that are so easy to apply for, you might end up applying to all of them! Caveat: If a Scholarship Seems Too Good to Be True ... Unfortunately, there aren't too many legitimate "easy" scholarships out there. If a scholarship application sounds too good to be true, be cautious- you don't want to fall victim to a scholarship scam! Here are some things to look out for: A scholarship application that asks for personal information that isn't relevant to the award:Many top scholarship programs ask for personal information (transcripts, SAT/ACT scores, and even financial information for need-based scholarships); however, this info is all relevant to candidate evaluation. If you're ever uncomfortable providing personal info for a scholarship program, dig deeper. Can you verify that the program is legitimate? Does it have its own website, or can you only find info about it through a third party? Try Googling "[award name] scam" to see whether anything suspicious pops up. A scholarship that asks you to make payments to enter or win: Scholarship programs are in the business of giving money to students, not taking it. A scholarship program is likely just a scam if the application asks you to make a payment- especially if it asks you to enter credit card information. Now that we've got that out of the way, it's time to get to the good stuff: all the best easy essay and non-essay scholarships and how to win them! These essays won't take you long at all, but they're a good excuse to set up at your favorite cafe. Essay Scholarships The scholarships in this section ask students to submit short essays with their applications. Even though you'll have to write an essay, the rest of the application (and the essay itself) should be easy and manageable for all these awards.In fact, most of these applications shouldn'ttake longer than one to two hours to complete. Bachus Schanker LLC Scholarship This scholarship program is a bit different from most of the other awards included in this post- it's funded by a private law firm in Colorado. Students compete for a $2,000 award by writing a short essay (800 words) about the 7th amendment and how it affects their lives. Eligibility: High school students who have been accepted to a four-year university and university students with a minimum 3.0 GPA Deadline: November 30, 2019 (to win a scholarship for the spring semester), and July 30, 2020 (to win a scholarship for the fall semester) Courage to Grow Scholarship This $500 award is given out to one lucky student every month. To compete for the award, applicants must explain in 250 words why they think they deserve the scholarship. Eligibility:US high school juniors and seniors and college students with a minimum 2.5 GPA Deadline:Last day ofevery month! Odenza Marketing Group Scholarship To compete for this$500 award, applicants must like the Odenza Facebook page and write two short essays of about 500 words each. One essay must be related to travel and your career, and the othermust explain why you should receive the scholarship. Eligibility: Current high school students aged 16-25or students who have at least one year of college remaining. Applicants must also have a minimum 2.5 GPA. Deadline September 30, 2019 MoneySolver.org Scholarships The website MoneySolver.org gives out several $1,000 scholarships throughout the year to US students enrolled in (or planning on enrolling by next fall in) college, university, or trade school. Each of these scholarships involves writing a short (250 words, maximum) essay about the topic at hand. Students are eligible to win up to two scholarships. Emoji Scholarship: Write about what emoji best describes your life and why. Deadline is August 31, 2019. Back to School Scholarship: Write about what you would do if you could go back to high school for one day. Deadline is September 30, 2019. Halloween Costume Scholarship: Write about your favorite Halloween costume that either you or your pet has worn. Deadline is October 31, 2019. Thanksgiving Scholarship: Write about the weirdest thing you were ever served at a Thanksgiving dinner. Deadline is November 30, 2019. Holiday Celebration Scholarship: Write about your favorite way to celebrate the holidays with people you love. Deadline is December 31, 2019. Some of these applicationswon't take you longer than a few minutes. No-Essay Scholarships When it comes to easy applications, you can't get much easier than the following scholarship programs. You'll still have to submit some information about yourself (and, in some instances, complete some brief activities or tasks), but you won't have to write any essays to qualify. AFSA High School Scholarship Here'sone of those scholarships for which you have to complete a few unique activities to qualify. For the 2017 scholarship, students applied byreading about automatic fire sprinkler systems and then taking an eight-question quiz based on the information they read. Ten$2,000 awards are given out each year. Eligibility: Current high school seniors (US citizens or legal residents) Deadline: Likely early April, 2020 Dr. Pepper Tuition Giveaway Students can qualify to win $2,500, $20,000, or even $100,000 in tuition money by writing a short description of how they plan to change the world and recording a video explaining their academic and professional goals. Eligibility: All students aged 18-24 Deadline: Mid-October 2019 Nicholas A. Virgilio Memorial Haiku and Senryu Competition This scholarship program gives out relatively small awards of $50, but the application process is fun and easy. Students qualify by simply writing and submitting up to three original haikus. Eligibility: All students in grades 7-12 Deadline:March 2020 "No Essay" College Scholarship This $2,000 award is given out monthly. To apply for this scholarship, submit an application that includes basicidentifying information, your GPA, and your SAT/ACT scores. Winners are randomly selected, and you can submit a new application every month. Eligibility: High school students, adults heading back to school, current college students, and anyone else looking to attend college or graduate school within the next year Deadline:Last day ofevery month! Stuck at Prom Scholarship Contest Do you have a creative side and an eye for fashion? Students can compete for the grand prize of $10,000(one each for the dress and tux categories)by designing and wearing prom outfits made out of duct tape. Check out the website for fun pictures of past winners! Eight $100 prizes are given to runners-up. Applicants can enter as individuals or as part of a couple. Submissions that get the most votes win prizes, so be sure to recruit your friends to vote for you! Eligibility: High school students in the US and Canada (excluding certain states and territories- refer to the official rules for details) Deadline: April-June 2020 for submissions; July 2020 for voting US Bank Student Union Scholarship Three$5,000awards, one $10,000 award, and one $20,000 award are available through this scholarship program. To qualify, studentssubmit a simpleapplication; you may also earn extra entries by completing up to eight online learning modules on financial literacy. Eligibility: Current US undergraduate students Deadline: October 25, 2019 11:59PM Central Time Because College is Expensive Scholarship This $500 scholarship is awarded to one student four times a year (March, June, September, and December). All you need to do to enter to win the scholarship is to fill out the form on the Cedar Lending website. Eligibility: High school juniors and seniors; current college students; anyone else looking to attend college or grad school Deadline: March 31st, June 30th, September 30th, and December 31st, 11:59 PM EST Save an average of $1000 per semester with our smart college finance tool! Starting to think about applying to college, but worried your funds are going to come up short? Our financial aid tool will help you calculate your likely cost of attendance at public and private schools (including not just tuition, but room, board, and other expenses). We'll also tell you what financial aid you qualify for in addition to identifying scholarships that you would specifically be a good match for. 3 Tips for Winning Easy Scholarships Easy scholarships to apply for aren't necessarily the same as easy scholarships to win. Since these scholarship applications are so simpleto complete, you'll probably have a lot of competition. Here are some strategies to help you submit your best applications possible: #1: If you have to write an essay, you’re likely to be more successful if your views align with those of the entity that’s awarding the scholarship. To prepare, do some research about the company or charity's mission statement. #2: Make sure your application is polished. You won’t have the opportunity to make more than a first impression (remember, these apps are short and sweet!), so double-check for any grammar, spelling, or punctuation errors. #3: Last but not least, be sure that your application is complete and on time! What's Next? These scholarships are excellent options if you want to churn out as many applications as possible. As you might've noticed, though, the award amounts are a bit underwhelming (though keep in mind that several smaller awards can be just as helpful as one big award!). You'll have to spend more time on your applications if you're gunning for a top scholarship, but the payoff can be more than worth it.To learn more about some of the best scholarships out there, check out our guides to thetop scholarships for high school juniors and seniors. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

The Greco-Roman Tradition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Greco-Roman Tradition - Essay Example Every hero also has his own personal characteristics that help to make him the kind of person he is, and these are the aspects of the hero that people around him witness and perceive. Homer’s Odyssey talks about how Odysseus laments the death of Achilles and wishes for humility and trust within humanity rather than the achievements he had wished for at war. Here it has been explained how a hero’s quality has a necessity towards his life and those of others around him; how he must be able to stand away from the general jibes and finally, how the present culture depicts a part of him. Thus, through this tragedy, Greek Myth-o-poetic tradition has been able to help people understand the kind of idealism heroes must contain. Stoicism on the other hand is an aspect of life that involves a person to withdraw from any kind of frivolities and fun; it is helps a person to retain himself from the pursuit of adventure and happiness that life brings about, and in turn, teaches one t o remain calm and composed despite any kind of circumstance that he may be thrust within. This is very opposite of most Greek tragedies and dramas because they help to portray the vision of a hero with the help of his emotions and feelings.

Race and Your Community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Race and Your Community - Essay Example The period of the Great Depression also saw a huge influx of immigrants from different parts of Europe. Italian nationals were seeking refuge from political persecution and poverty and reached the shores of New England with high hopes. But the conditions prevailing at that time was hostile to its new citizens. The domination by the White Anglo Saxon Protestants (WASP) at that time was uncontested and overwhelming. Though the Italian American community was technically "white" as well, their status was equal to that of black Americans. The trend persisted the following years, culminating during the Second World War, where Italy was at war with America. The civil rights of many Italian Americans were stripped and many innocent citizens were suspected of espionage and subversion. But my grandfather lived to see a positive transformation of this situation after the Second World War. The post War period saw renewed respect for all ethnic minorities given the fact that a significant percent age of armed forces came from the underclass and minorities. (Alba, 1985) As for our own leaders - their take on the situation was a little ambivalent. While blatant societal injustice caused rightful indignation, a corner of their hearts still felt indebted to this "land of the free" for gracefully embracing and welcoming these new citizens from afar. Such feeling for their adopted land is understandable, as my grandfather recollected the stories of persecution and oppression in his native land. (Alba, 1985) Another influential person in our family was our grandmother. Looking back, she was the last link to our ancestral native land. Not only she could speak fluent Italian, but also render an Opera or two. She was also adept at making marinara and rolling gnocchi. I remember how when I was a toddler, she would sing lullabies in Italian to put me to sleep. Much of my knowledge of Christianity is credited to her passing

How Investment in Management Consultancy Can Represent Value for an Essay

How Investment in Management Consultancy Can Represent Value for an Organization - Essay Example The researcher states that an organization may choose to employ management consultant’s services for several reasons and they include consultants specialized expertise access and gaining advice from external sources. The exposure of consultancy firms, as well as their close relationship with several organizations, has resulted in such firms to be well vast with the best possible practices in the industry. However, the application of these consultancy practices from a given organization and transferring them to another can be limited by the particular nature of the situation in question. Consultants are also charged with the responsibility of offering management change assistance in different organizations, coaching skills development, strategy development, technology implementation or operational services improvements. In most cases, management consultants often introduce their own frameworks or property methodologies to assist them in identifying issues and serve as recommend ation basis for more efficient and effective means of conducting their work tasks. Several approaches can be applied by different consultants and can be regarded as being as existing somewhere within a continuum having a prescriptive strategy on one side as well as a facilitative strategy at the other side. When it comes to expert approach, the consultant assumes the expert’s role and offers expert assistance or advice to their clients. In this approach, the consultant is more and collaborates more with the client compared to the case of facilitative approach. In the facilitative approach, the consultant has less focus on the technical or specific expert knowledge leaving most of the consultation process to itself. The facilitative approach is in some cases referred to as the consulting process following its focus on the consultation process In the recent past, most consulting firms have assumed a matrix structure in which a single axis is used to describe a function of the b usiness or the consulting type like operations, strategy, executive leadership, technology, sales and talent management. The second axis focuses on an industry like gas, oil, retail and automotive. These matrix forms together with consultants taking part in either of the matrix cells like a consultant can focus fully on retail industry operation while another consultant focuses on the improvement of the process in the same industry. The main aim of the consultancy is to introduce value in an organization through understanding the intervention choices in relation to the most appreciated intervention style. In an effort to achieve the desired value within an organization, consultants may occupy several positions within a continuum from those led by experts, those that are centered on clients and to both nondirective and directives. Heated debates have come up in relation to continuum position ranges between those that refer to themselves as coaches, mentors, advisors, counselors, cons ultants, and facilitators. Despite the debates, each of the above-mentioned roles needs a specific set of skills, knowledge, and behavior making them related disciplines. Consultants who introduce the desired value to an organization are the consultants who stand out as being the most effective and are considered as to be having the ability to carry out different roles within the required time and are able to move from a client to the other without mixing up their responsibilities.

Classes in the Kite Runner Essay Example for Free

Classes in the Kite Runner Essay â€Å"Afghanistan is the land of Pashtuns. It always has been, always will be. We are the true Afghans, the pure Afghans, not this Flat-Nose here. † This is the start of the tension between the two distinct social classes on pages 40-43 within the novel, The Kite Runner. The author’s purpose for placing this scene within the novel is to show the relationship held between the Hazara Tribe, and the Pashtun tribe, within Afghanistan. The scene in the book allows the reader to begin to understand the tension between the tribes, which fuels the story. Due to the research I completed on the tribes within Afghanistan, I can sharpen my knowledge and interpret the scene in the novel better. While researching, I discovered that the Hazaras have Mongol Characteristics. As a result of this, I was able to understand the scene better, when Assef called Hassan a â€Å"Flat-Nose. † The reason that Assef Called Hassan this, was to poke fun at his Mongol Characteristics, such as having a flat nose. In the same manner, Assef states, â€Å"how can you talk to him, play with him, let him touch you? † Through my research, I was able to learn that it was rare for Pashtuns to play with Hazaras. Hazaras are of a much lower class than Pashtuns, and are treated poorly. Within the scene, there are three apparent literary terms—parallel, imagery and diction. Parallel is used when â€Å"Hasan [holds] the slinghshot pointed directly at Assef’s face. † Hassan uses his slingshot in this scene, to fight Assef, and Hassan’s son uses a slingshot to hurt Assef towards the end of the book. Additionally, the author uses imagery, to show the intense tension between the boys. When Hassan pulls the slingshot, â€Å"his hand [trembles] with the strain of the pulled elastic band and beads of sweat [erupt] on his brow. † This imagery allows you to realize the amount of stress, and tension Hassan must undergo. Finally, the author uses diction, when he describes the actions of the characters, including when he states, â€Å"he made a sweeping, grandiose gesture with his hands. † The diction such as sweeping, and grandiose, allows the reader to fully understand what Assef is trying to convey. There are two main ideas within the scene; they are the ideas of Assef hating Amir and Hassan, and Hassan protecting Amir. Based on the key idea of Hassan protecting Amir, the theme of love appears. Amir uses his slingshot, and does everything that he can to protect Amir, display his love towards him.

Horatio in Shakespeares Hamlet Essay -- Custom Essays Hamlet

Horatio in Hamlet      Ã‚   In Shakespeare’s tragedy Hamlet, the closest friend of the hero is a fellow-student from Wittenberg (Granville-Barker 93), an intelligent and understanding young man by the name of Horatio. This essay seeks to carefully present his character.    Marchette Chute in â€Å"The Story Told in Hamlet† describes Horatio’s part in the opening scene of the play:    The story opens in the cold and dark of a winter night in Denmark, while the guard is being changed on the battlements of the royal castle of Elsinore. For two nights in succession, just as the bell strikes the hour of one, a ghost has appeared on the battlements, a figure dressed in complete armor and with a face like that of the dead king of Denmark, Hamlet’s father. A young man named Horatio, who is a school friend of Hamlet, has been told of the apparition and cannot believe it, and one of the officers has brought him there in the night so that he can see it for himself. The hour comes, and the ghost walks. (35)    Horatio, frightened, futilely confronts the ghost:    What art thou that usurp'st this time of night,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Together with that fair and warlike form   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In which the majesty of buried Denmark   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Did sometimes march? by heaven I charge thee, speak! (1.1)    Maynard Mack in â€Å"The World of Hamlet† maintains that Horatio’s words to the spirit â€Å"are subsequently seen to have reached beyond their contexts. . . (244). So Horatio and Marcellus exit the ramparts of Elsinore intending to enlist the aid of Hamlet, who is home from school. Hamlet is dejected by the â€Å"o’erhasty marriage† of his mother to his uncle less than two months after the funeral of Hamlet’s father (Gordon 128). Soon Horatio and Ma... ... Frank Cass & Co., Ltd., 1964. p.14-16. http://www.freehomepages.com/hamlet/other/essayson.htm#demag-ess N. pag.    Pitt, Angela. â€Å"Women in Shakespeare’s Tragedies.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Rpt. from Shakespeare’s Women. N.p.: n.p., 1981.    Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http://www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html    West, Rebecca. â€Å"A Court and World Infected by the Disease of Corruption.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Court and the Castle. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1957.    Wilkie, Brian and James Hurt. â€Å"Shakespeare.† Literature of the Western World. Ed. Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1992.   

Is Religion Just a Joke? Essay -- Religion Religious Essays

Is Religion Just a Joke? Driving with my friend to the movies one evening last winter we discovered a group of people bundled up and picketing by The Safari movie theatre in Moorhead.à  My friend and I didn’t know what movie we wanted to watch, but these protesters made up our mind.à  We decided to see the movie â€Å"Dogma† because that was the very movie these outraged people were boycotting.à  Sometimes people carry their religion to the point where it has an adverse effect on people.à  This was the case that evening. As we watched â€Å"Dogma,† my friend and I laughed hysterically.à  It wasn’t nearly as bad as the protestors suggested.à  The view the â€Å"outraged Christians† and I seemed to disagree on was they took the movie literally, whereas I personally took it as mere fiction.à  In my opinion, it was just another religious comedy to bring the sometimes-scary topic of â€Å"religion† down to a point that seems more human in the eyes of the average American today. By making the topic of religion humorous, we as a society can take a look at the different aspects of this complicated and controversial issue.à  What is ethically right or wrong has been seen in many issues such as cloning, euthanasia, and abortion.à  Religion, along with these other issues, is often hard to confront.à  With the aid of movies, such as â€Å"Dogma† and â€Å"Keeping the Faith,† we are able to delve into the issue of religion more easily.à  Let us now take a look at these two movies.à  â€Å"Keeping the Faith† starts with a priest, Brian Finn, played by Edward Norton, telling his complicated story to the local bartender in New York who thinks he’s heard it all already.à  Brian tells of a childhood friendship between himself, Jake Schram, and a girl named Anna Reilly.à  The three... ...ck Jesus, a thirteenth apostle played by Chris Rock who was written out of the bible because he was black (having a black savior is okay, but not a black apostle), Mary not being a virgin, after all, â€Å"Do you think Joseph would stay around if he wasn’t getting any?,† and God being a woman.à  Anyone who would take these humorous and outrageous suggestions literally is more of a joke than this movie.à  In my opinion, a movie is just a movie and nothing more, other than to bring into focus a difficult subject matter.à  Therefore, funny movies about religion actually help viewers think critically about religion.à  The protestors seemed to want to make the religious comedy genre be blasphemy on God, where that is not what the movie was trying to do.à  Which brings out the question: Who is making religion a joke?à  -The movies? -Or the people carrying their religion too far?

Longitudinal Analysis Using Panel Data for Assessing Seasonality Effects on the Food Security Situation in Tajikistan 2005 Hbs

Issue: Longitudinal analysis using panel data for assessing seasonality effects on the food security situation in Tajikistan 2005 HBS Tajikistan: Longitudinal analysis using panel data for assessing seasonality effects on the food security situation in Tajikistan 2005 HBS RAMASAWMY, Seevalingum FAO Statistics Division, Rome. Italy Household income and expenditure survey (HIES) usually collects food data from households at only one period which may refer to one week, two weeks or one month. Most HIES extend the field work over the entire period of one year to account for any seasonal effects of household expenditure particularly food consumption. The survey estimates assume seasonal effects cancelled out in large groups of households but not at the level of the individual household. Thus, the inter-household variation estimated on the basis of such data would tend to include the seasonal effects. However, the Tajikistan Household Budget Survey (HBS) presents a particular characteristic that it collects expenditure and income data from the same household over a long period of time. The longitudinal design survey accounts for all variations including the seasonal effects when analysed over the months of the yearly period. This paper presents some trend analysis of food security statistics derived from the 2005 Tajikistan household panel monthly food consumption data collected from the sample of 925 households and evaluate the impact of the variability of the distribution of the food consumption in the food security statistics estimates. Keywords: Food consumption data, Food security statistics, Panel data, Dietary energy consumption, Food Deprivation, Critical food poverty, Coefficient of variation. Acknowledgements: FAO (Statistics Division and Food Security Information for Action Programme) for technical assistance and the European Community for financial support. 1. BACKGROUND Tajikistan is a landlocked country, largely mountainous and sparsely inhabited, 90 percent is mountainous and the total area splits the country into four regions (Oblasts) and one independent city, the national capital Dushanbe. Only seven percent of the land area is arable; cotton and wheat are the main important crops. Aluminium is the major country resource together with other limited mineral resources such as silver, gold, uranium, and tungsten. With abundant water resources, it possesses much hydropower facilities which are however not well distributed among its population. The civil war (1992-97) severely damaged the already weak economic infrastructure and caused a sharp decline in industrial and agricultural production. While Tajikistan has experienced steady economic growth since 1997, nearly two-thirds of the population continues to live in poverty. Economic growth reached 10. percent in 2004 but dropped to eight percent in 2005 and to 7 percent in 2006. Tajikistan's economic situation, however, remains fragile due to uneven implementation of structural reforms, weak governance, widespread unemployment, and the external debt burden. Unemployment is officially estimated at 30 percent, while the figure is likely to be much higher. Lack of alternative sources of livelihoods continue to exacerb ate household food insecurity and results in under-employment in the agricultural sector, while a large number of young men seasonally or definitely migrate for employment in other CIS countries. There is a high mobility of the working population to Russia, where more than half a million of the population are currently working. The 2007 Tajikistan population was about seven million; nearly 70 percent live in rural areas. The annual population growth is about 2 percent. 2. OBJECTIVES, METHODS AND DATA The paper analyses the trends of food security statistics derived from the monthly and quarterly food consumption data of the Tajikistan 2005 HBS. It also evaluates the trend variations of inequality measures of dietary energy onsumption due to other factors such as income and area of residence and their effects on the measurement of food deprivation. The Tajikistan State Committee of Statistics has been conducting household budget survey (HBS) based on the Soviet methodology collecting household consumption expenditure from a fixed sample of households over time. A nationally representative sample of 925 households was selected from the 2000 population census data frame using th e multi-stage stratification. Rural and urban areas together with criteria of mountains, valley, uplands, lowlands and country borders on the north and south were accounted for. The households were selected at the last stage using the available administrative data with regard to the composition of the household. Household detailed expenditure including food and income data are collected using daily records from the same 925 households over years since January 2000. Each household receives a monthly incentive equivalent to one dollar in local currency. The Tajikistan HBS collected consumption and expenditure data from 925 households over the year using eight different types of questionnaires which enable the collection of complementary expenditure data on a daily, monthly and quarterly basis. Food data are recorded in detail, – stock at the start of the month for each food item, purchases, own production, transfers, (aid, gifts, etc. ) during the month on a daily basis, and closing stock at the end of the month. Income is also collected by sources on a daily and monthly basis. SCS uses a detailed nutrient conversion table covering dietary energy, protein, fat and carbohydrate values for computing nutrient values. The Tajikistan 2005 HBS monthly food consumption data together with the household income were analysed using the FAO statistical procedures of the food security statistics module (FSSM). The paper compares the food security statistics (FSS) estimates from the two sets of data namely the twelve sets of monthly food consumption data and the quarterly aggregated data of the 925 households. The food consumption in terms of dietary energy and expenditure are examined together with the dietary energy unit value at the national level and by the four main regions, Dushanbe, RPR, Sogd and Chatlon and by income quintiles. The inequality measure of food assess is studied in much details to evaluate the variation of area of residence and income over the months of 2005. Measures of prevalence of hunger, food deprivation and critical food poverty are also discussed. Lastly the food expenditure share of total consumption and the diet diversity are compared for the two sets of data. 3. FOOD SECURITY STATISTICS DERIVED USING THE LONGITUDINAL APPROACH. a. Dietary energy consumption The average daily dietary energy consumption (DEC) of the Tajik was 2150 kcal in 2005. The DEC by regions and income levels showed wide fluctuations over the months of the year 2005 as illustrated in Figures 1 and 2 below. The population of the capital city Dushanbe and RPR regions had lower DEC levels than the national level during all the months of the year. These two regions had low food production as Dushanbe is the capital city and RPR is the region of aluminium ores and had to rely on food imports from other local regions or imports from neighbouring countries. However, Sogd, the industrial region and Chatlon, the cotton and wheat growing region had DEC higher than the national level almost all the months of the year. These two regions have good food availability as they contain the largest cropping areas cultivating crops such as potatoes, barley, melons, etc. Figure 1: Trends of DEC by Regions Figure 2: Trends of DEC by Income levels |[pic] |[pic] | Analysing the DEC by daily per person income quintiles showed a gradual increasing in the overall monthly level of dietary energy consumption from the lowest to the highest income population groups. The population of the three lowest income groups had DEC below the national minimum dietary energy requirement (MDER) of 1880 kcal/person/day during all the months of the year. Those of the two highest income quintiles had DEC well above the national average DEC. The fluctuations in the DEC of the four lowest income groups over the months were small and less irregular than those observed among regions. However, the highest income population group had more pronounced fluctuations which kept increasing over the months with peaks in March and October. The dietary energy consumption among the Tajik population related more to income levels than place of residence. The levels of DEC for the population of the first four income quintiles did not differ greatly in magnitude. The average daily per person income ranged from 0. 91 Somoni for the lowest quintile to 1. 91 Somoni for the fourth one while the highest quintile had a much higher average of 3. 20 Somoni. This group of high income population which were present in all the four regions may probably influence those observed fluctuations. March and October 2005 were the two months registering high peaks in dietary energy consumption, probably linked to national socio-cultural or religious events. More than 90 percent of Tajiks are Sunnis and were most probably fasting in October 2005 which was the month of Ramadan in Tajikistan. It is a well known fact that during that special religious month, there is a high acquisition and consumption of food in terms of both quality and quantities particularly among the high income levels households. In addition, there is much sharing of food among the community with a large part of food given away by households and at the same time received by other households. However, the recording of such data on food transfers did not take place, thus leaving its effect unknown. b. Food expenditure The national average daily per person monetary values of the food expenditure fluctuated over the months of the year with the lowest value (1. 12 Somoni) in February and the highest value (1. 68) in October when there was that overall high level of consumption. The analysis by regions showed that the population of Dushanbe had a relatively low level of dietary energy consumption, but food expenditure higher than the national level indicating that prices in the capital city were higher than in other parts of Tajikistan probably due to a high importation of food products from other regions or countries. The industrial region of Sogd showed a high level of food expenditure ranging from 1. 17 to 1. 61 Somoni slightly higher than the average food spending in Dushanbe. The population of RPR had the overall lowest food expenditure (Figures 3). Figure 4 shows the monthly trends of food expenditure by income levels. Again the hierarchical differences from highest to lowest income quintile are clearly observed. Food expenditures for the population of the three lowest income quintiles were lower than the national level for all the months of the year. The amount of money spent on food remained at almost the same levels, but with an increase in October followed by a decrease in November and another increase in December probably due with the end of the year celebrations events. The population of the highest income quintile had increasingly high food expenditures with peaks in the three last months of the year of 2005. Figure 3: Trends of food expenses by Regions Figure 4: Trends of food expenses by Income levels |[pic] |[pic] | Figure 4 shows the monthly trends of food expenditure by income levels. Again the hierarchical differences from highest to lowest income quintile are clearly observed. Food expenditures for the population of the three lowest income quintiles were lower than the national level for all the months of the year. The amount of money spent on food remained at almost the same levels, but with an increase in October followed by a decrease in November and another increase in December probably due with the end of the year celebrations events. The population of the highest income quintile had increasingly high food expenditures with peaks in the three last months of the year of 2005. c. Dietary unit value The national average dietary unit value was 0. 57 Somoni per 1000 kcal. This value varied from 0. 55 Somoni for the months of February and March to 0. 63 Somoni in December. The population of the capital city Dushanbe had the highest dietary energy unit value over all months of the year of 2005, paying abnormal high values in the months of January (0. 71 Somoni) and October (0. 75 Somoni). Population of Sogd had also a high overall dietary energy unit value which increased slowly over the months of 2005 (see Figure 5). It is surprising to note that the dietary unit value fell in all regions in the month of November before going up again in December. This could probably be due to a fall in food prices resulting in a surplus of food items on the market due to the end of the religious month of October. Figure 5: Dietary energy unit value by Regions Figure 6: Dietary energy unit value Income levels |[pic] |[pic] | The dietary energy unit value showed marked increasing patterns over the months of the year when analysed by income levels with again a drop in the values in November followed by an increase in December. The lowest quintile population had an overall yearly dietary energy unit value of 0. 49 Somoni compared to a value of 0. 66 Somoni for the highest income quintile. d. Diet Diversity The share of total calories of nutrients in total calories of dietary energy showed a protein deficiency diet when compared to the WHO norms (Figure 7). The share contribution of protein was around nine percent, while the |Figure 7: Share (%) of nutrients in total calories and WHO guidelines | |WHO minimum and maximum values are 10 and 15 percent respectively. The| | |share contribution of fats was within the WHO norms, but the share | | |contribution of carbohydrates (70 percent) was more towards the | | |maximum value of 75 percent. Consumption of protein food sources such| | |as pulses, fish, meat or dairy products were very low. | | | |[pic] | The regional analysis of the share of protein calorie contribution to total calories is given in Figure 8 and showed large and uneven variations were observed among the regions over the months of the year. The population of Dushanbe were more protein deficient (almost below 9 percent in all months except July to September) than other regions while the population of RPR had relatively, though still deficient, higher protein consumption. There were two months (July and September) when there was increasing protein consumption in all regions probably due to availability of protein rich food products coming from the harvest seasons. There was no clear difference in the level of protein consumption among population groups of different income levels over the months of the year (Figure 9), except that all income groups showed the same increasing patterns over the months of July and September, before falling down in October. This situation could be the due to the scarcity of high protein food products on the Tajikistan markets or highly prohibitive selling prices if available. Figure 8: Share of protein calorie by Regions Figure 9: Share of protein calorie by Income levels |[pic] |[pic] | e. Inequality. The distribution of dietary energy consumption is assumed to be lognormal and its variance is a function of the Coefficient of Variation (CVx). This CVx includes income and biological sources of variations of dietary energy consumption and is a measure of access to food. The biological variation (CVr) accounts for factors such as sex age composition, body weight and physical activity of household members. The CVr is estimated as a value of 20 percent. |Figure 10: CV of dietary energy consumption due to income by 2005 quarters and |Figure 10 gives the inequality of food access due to income | |months |computed for groups of households classified according to the | | |income deciles. The national CVx of dietary energy consumption| | |(DEC) on yearly basis had a value of 30 percent which included| | |a value of 22 percent corresponding to the CV of DEC due to | | |income. The CVx values estimated for quarterly data differed | | |marginally from the yearly CVx. The estimated monthly CVx was | | |less than the yearly CVx, except for the months of October and| | |November. |[pic] | | A striking observation is that the monthly inequality measures of DEC due to income were in most cases (except the three last months) less than the quarterly or yearly values which are inflated with other variations due to inter household, seasonal (within quarter) and other non random factors. Those variations were analysed using the available 2005 longitudinal food data with between household factors of area of residence and income using a linear model of the log of dietary energy consumption with repeated measures (months). The analysis of variance results are shown below. |[pic] |The variation estimates in the rightmost column have been | | |converted to the original dietary energy consumption scale for| | |better understanding. As expected area of residence (rural and| | |urban) and income levels (deciles) were significant sources of| | |the between household variation (standard deviation of 2062 | | |Kcal/ person/ day). This variation reflects sources of | | |variations not included in the model, the random variation and| | |the undesirable variation due to sampling design and | | |instrumental errors. The within sources of variation were | | |significant in time (months) and time within area of residence| | |and time within income levels. | The within household variation (standard deviation of 608 Kcal/person/day) was smaller than the between household variation. However there is a significant source of variation due to seasonality. In this study one should take into account that the between household variation estimates may be over-estimated as result of the sampling design. This study does not address on this design effect on the variation between households. In commonly used household survey design where the household reference period is of one month or less and households are allocated over a one-year survey period the sources of the within variation (month, month within area, month within income and error) is added to the survey estimates. This means that in NHS considering random allocation throughout the year add variation to the between household CV and hence over-estimate the prevalence of food deprivation. f. Food deprivation. The longitudinal data of Tajikistan 2005 HBS was also analysed by comparing the food deprivation over the four quarters to study the food consumption distribution and any improvement in the level of undernourishment over the one year period. Four percent of the population had moved out from the food deprived population over the year due to a 2 percent increase in the average daily dietary energy consumption and a three percent point decrease in the coefficient of variation (CV) due to income from 31 to 28 percent. The MDER of 1880 kcal/person/day was the same for both quarters. Movements of population from food deprived population were observed in both urban and rural areas by two and six percent respectively. There were marginal increases in DEC were noted in both urban and rural areas, but the later registered a significant 5 percentage point decrease in the CV due to income. While there were significant improvements among the population of the three lowest income quintiles, there were small set backs for the populations of the two highest quintiles groups due mainly to an around 2 percent fall in their dietary energy consumption (Figures 11 and 12). Figure 11: Food deprivation (%) by RegionsFigure 12: Food deprivation (%) by Income levels |[pic] |[pic] | The prevalence of food critical poverty which measures food income deprivation showed a marginal fall of 1 percentage point at national level from quarter one to quarter 4 of the year 2005 (Figure 13). Figure 13: Food critical poverty (%) by quarters of 2005 national and sub national levels |[pic] | | | |The prevalence of critical food poverty fluctuated over the four | | |quarters of the year. There was a high prevalence of food poverty | | |in the second quarter at the national and sub national levels. It | | |then fell in the following quarters. However, food critical | | |poverty in urban areas was higher than rural areas due to the food| | |availability at lower prices. g. Depth or Intensity of Food Inadequacy Figures 14 and 15 below show the depth of food poverty with relation to the MDER over the four quarters of the year, at the national and sub national levels and by income levels respectively. The Figures show that urban areas which had a low DEC had a higher food deficit than the national and rural areas. The food deficit was less in the fourth quarter at the national level and in urban and rural areas. This was also true for the income levels due to the high level of DEC observed as from October 2005. There was a general high food deficit during the third quarter in almost all the regional or economic population groupings and the high income group witnessed a food deficit of about 150 kcal/person/day. Figure 14: Food deficit (Kcal) to MDER Regions Figure 15: Food deficit (Kcal) to MDER Income levels |[pic] |[pic] | h. Food share The share of food expenditure to total consumption expenditure estimated from the annual household data at national level was 69 percent. The share of food expenditure at national level showed an erratic trend over the four quarters of the year 2005. From a level of 68. 4 percent in the first quarter, it increased to 69. 6 percent, fell down to 65 percent in the third quarter and rose to 65. 3 percent in the last quarter. The same patterns occurred in urban and rural areas, but with higher magnitude in rural areas and lower values for urban areas (figure 18). However, the food share showed a decreasing trend over the four quarters with increasing income levels with a high food share (80 percent) among the population of the low income group to about 50 percent for those of the highest income group. The second quarter had the maximum food share in most of the population groupings (Figure 19) which could be a period of harvest of some food crops. Figure 16: Food expenditure share by Region Figure 17: Food expenditure share by Income levels |[pic] |[pic] | Figures 18 and 19 illustrate the share of dietary energy consumption by food sources at national and sub-national levels and by income levels respectively for the four quarters of 2005. Purchase was almost the only source of dietary energy consumption for the population of the urban regions, while own production food constituted a significant share of DEC to the order of about 40 percent in most of the other population groupings. There was little variation in own production contribution between the quarters, apart from some high share in quarters one and four for the high income level groups, probably due to the harvesting season. Figure 19: Share of DEC by food sources & Figure 18: Share of DEC by food sources & Regions Income levels |[pic] |[pic] | 4. CONCLUSION The analysis of the longitudinal food consumption data of Tajikistan 2005 HBS provides some useful and pertinent characteristics of food security statistics: †¢ Food deprivation differed by seasons and by income levels. †¢ Food consumption is seasonal and is influenced by national ocio-religious events. †¢ Food demand was high in high income levels during specific periods. †¢ Dietary energy unit value differed with seasons and income levels. †¢ Diet consumption of nutrients was affected over the seasons. †¢ Food consumption from purchases were not affected by seasons while that from own production varied over the months of the year. †¢ There was a seasonal affect on the diet consumption of nutrients †¢ Food inequality or access measures were low when estimated with monthly data and the use of more aggregated d ata caused overestimation. The intensity of hunger differed by season and income levels †¢ Food share varied with seasons and level of income. REFERENCES 1. FAO (2003). Methodology for the measurement of food deprivation. Statistics Division, Food Security Statistics. Rome. Available at the Metadata of the Food Security Statistics webpage http://www. fao. org/faostat/foodsecurity/index_en. htm 2. FAO (2006). Food Security Statistics Module, Step 1 – Processing User Manual, Step 2 – Analysis User Manual and Step 3 – Reports User Manual, FAO July 2006. . Sibrian R Ramasawmy S and Mernies J (2007). Measuring hunger at sub national levels from household surveys using the FAO approach: MANUAL. FAO Statistics Division Working Paper Series No. ESS/ESSA/005e. Available at the webpage. http://www. fao. org/es/ess/faostat/foodsecurity/Papers_en. htm . 4. Tajikistan Food Insecurity Assessment report derived from the food consumption data of Tajikistan 2005 HBS, Dushan be August 2007. http://www. stat. tj/english/home. htm[pic]