The Harlem Renaissance and its Effect on African American Literature Research Paper

The Harlem Renaissance and its Effect on African American Literature - Research Paper ExampleIts flame continues to burn today through the literary works of contemporary African American authors.It has been argued that the Harlem Renaissance was short-lived and without much effect on literature shameful or white. However, to say this and limit its impact to a short terminus in the 1920s is shortsighted, as the early writing of such authors as W.E.B. DuBois clearly manifested an awareness of the possibilities of a black aesthetic stillness in development today...It might even be that its effects were still being strongly felt, and thusly that it was still figuratively alive, as late as 1970.2 The complex nature of the literary travail which we identify with the European Renaissance is very much a continuing project.Clearly the literature of the period had roots firmly planted in the African experience of writers, most of whom were descendents of slaves. dapple some desire to in corporate slavery into their work, others such as Alain Locke in his 1926 book, The New Negro An Interpretation sought to come on black authors as legitimate representatives of an expanding African-American culture. Central to the development of this racial awakening is a new(a) internationalism which Locke describes as primarily an effort to recapture contact with the scattered peoples of African derivation. 3While African roots of blacks in this period played an intrinsic role in life and literary development of blacks, the Renaissance had a surprising reciprocal effect on African writers such as Peter Abrahams as noted in his comments upon reading DuBoiss The Souls of Black Folks. Du Bois...might have been writing some my land and people. The mood and feeling he described were native to me....he had given me a key to the soul of the world. The Negro is not free.4 A note here should explain that DuBois in his writing chose to research

Existence of Aliens Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Existence of Aliens - appointee ExampleThe author of the paper states that maybe there is more than just adult male deportment or the human race remains the first and the most technologically advanced race. Human modesty and their air sick feelings towards humanity never let us believe in this theory. However, it is only possible that human beings argon more advanced as compared to antithetical forms of life. Alien existence has continued to draw attention from different quarters across the globe and currently, it is not makeed whether they exist or not. However, it is definite that the alien phenomenon started gigantic before the existence of human beings though living on a different planet. With this in mind, this eristical essay will try to establish whether aliens really exist or whether they are just a phenomenon.Considering the relative ease with which human life seems to evolve on earth and the extent of the observable universe, it is unmistakable that life exists els ewhere in the universe. However, that leads to three different questions of interest. Is human life the most intelligent life in the universe? Do aliens exist on earth? Will we ever contact the aliens? just about certainly not considering there are n any evidence that seems to indicate that any human being has either visited or seen them. Stories about aliens are mostly conspiracy theories that are yet to be established (Lewis, 2012). Therefore, it is quite difficult to establish whether Aliens do exist. The question as to whether aliens do exist is likewise not specific. Generally, alien life, highly probable considering the fact that we all know how life started on earth. The lovely biological details that form the earth life remain very fortuitous, thus the result of how ecumenical life happened to initially form and evolve. This, therefore, means that it will be difficult to encounter or establish the same biochemistries types elsewhere (Lewis, 2012). Alternatively, we almos t certainly not be facing humanoids of popular mythology.

Marketing Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Marketing way - Essay ExampleTherefore, to prevent differents from preying on a clean harvest-time idea, entrepreneurs must seek levelheaded nurtureion for their great ideas. One can seek nondisclosure agreement to protect trade secrets. Similarly, there argon other legal protection mechanisms such as patents, registered design, authentication, copyright and licensing among others that can be used to protect unique ideas. The nature of the product will determine the most appropriate protection measure to be taken. This paper explores suitable legal protection mechanisms for Smart authorization, branding and evidence of viability. It also gives justifications for the choice of the products target audience. Methods of Legal Protection Available for Smart assert Patents The first appropriate legal protection choice available for our product, Smart Control is patenting. A patent refers to a legitimate monopoly issued by the government to an entrepreneur for specific time covera ge (Rowland & MacDonald 2005). Patents prevent other people from commercially benefiting from other peoples product ideas, manufacturing methods as well as product functioning. A patent will be more suitable for safeguarding Smart Control because it can usually protects a product from a wider perspective compared to copyright (Galler 1995). It will disclose to the public how Smart Control works while disclosing the uttermost of protection to our product. Being a novel, important and inventive step, Smart Control qualifies for patenting. However, the company will regard to conduct patent search to establish the products legibility for registration and avoid adverse legal issues in future. Licensing The second available option is licensing. Smart Control being an intellectual property, can be commercially exploited by television manufacturing companies as well as other devices it is designed to operate. Smart Controls patent may be sold or mortgaged. Consequently, licensing will ena ble the company to offer licensees to exploit our invention for a fee (Lindberg 2009). Licenses can be a crucial revenue ascendent for us. Trademark Trademark will identify and distinguish Smart Control from other similar products. conflicting copyrights, trademark law may prohibit developing similar product, which may confuse the public. As such, trademark protection will be more suitable for our product compared to copyright (Lindberg 2009). Trademark law will protect our unique mark effectively. Trade Secret Nondisclosure agreements and trade secret protection protects a new idea from being stolen by competitors (Anderman 2007). Smart Control being an iphone compatible app can easily be stolen by iphone producing companies to better their products. Trade secret protection will help to protect Smart Control from being illegally exploited by iphone companies that would wish to partner with us to deliver superior products to the consumer. centering of Brands Contemporary adverti sing majorly focus on brand management. Brand management refers to the techniques aimed at establishing, promoting, and protecting the rightfulness of a given brand (Kapferer 2008). Commercial advertisement messages usually appeal to customers to buy a special brand and not any other by claiming superiority. Branding eliminates any notion about the possible action of a product being generic. According to Wood (2000), brands are fundamental product differentiation schema and must as such be managed strategically. Strategic brand management (branding) commence only later a

Caregiver's Ethics in the Health Care Setting Research Paper

mete outgivers Ethics in the Health Care Setting - Research Paper ExampleIf one compares the literature on various types of child maltreatment, it leave alone become obvious that there is a dearth of information on the concept of child neglect, patronage the fact that a large number of children are neglected each year (Tower, 2002). Some people are mistaken and do not really think about how children interacting with strangers could be a perpetuation or extension of abuse from their parents, rather than a sign of risk for the child. But in this place of the case, it is the daycare worker who may be guilty of child abuse. The moral philosophy are complicated in this case, though because of the concept of client confidentiality and what it means to healthcare workers. Confidentiality raises issues between the ethical and legal implications of a birth between a client and a practitioner as well as between other groups within the nursing, health care, and other environments of int erest in terms of the client and engagement and the client-worker relationship, in which ethics should take precedence in cases in which a client is not a threat to anyone. It rest difficult to maintain confidentiality at times, and attention must be paid to the fact that people should see this information later even if the conditions do not seem to be ones that will adversely prompt the client. Although privacy and confidentiality are not exactly the same thing, this report must state that information share to help resolve the issues faced by the client is productive and does not fall under the protection of confidentiality, because it is a natural sort of dialogue between professionals who are in a helping relationship with the client. There is the fine line to be drawn in certain situations of client/practitioner confidentiality as well as confidentiality between practitioners and confidentiality in cases like this, which involve possible child abuse. In many cases, the cli ent has a right to confidentiality, but it may be less important to the client and workings relationship that she/he has than the rights of others whom the client may harm.

Strategic Position of the UK Tourism Industry Essay

Strategic Position of the UK Tourism Industry - Essay ExampleThe present research has identified that the UK tourism industry is facing tough competition from other tourist destinations in Europe, such as France, Italy, Spain, and Germany. Due to decline in the valuable US market, the industry is facing the slowdown. The increase number of Chinese tourists over past few years and the high average spending readiness of these visitors present China as a potential emerging market for UK tourism. While competitive tourist destinations are already capturing Chinese visitors, UK tourism industry needs to take some urgent steps including promotion of UK as a favorite tourist destination along with government taking worthy measures related to visa and tax policies. The information regarding the strategic position of UK tourism industry and strategic cream suitable for it are collected from secondary fountains on the internet including newspaper articles, articles from websites, such as experience Britain, tourism society, etc. Other authentic sources of secondary information have also been searched to take the strategic audit. In order to do the strategic audit, suitable marketing models are used. The report has focused on the tourism industry as a whole and complies with the guidelines of the national tourism agency of Britain i.e. Visit Britain. A threat of new entrants The threat of new entrants into the tourism industry of UK is quite high. Earlier, there were only a handful of low-cost carriers in the airline sector of the tourism industry. However, today there are a significant number of low-cost carriers that are presenting competition to well-established low-cost carrier services of Ryan Air and free Jet. Considering the emergence of new destinations for tourists on the global tourism map, the threat of new entrants is high. Governments of several countries and specifically the deuce-ace world countries, such as Sri Lanka, India, etc. are seeing touris m as the major source to give the boost to their economy.

Housing Policy and Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Housing Policy and dodge - Essay ExampleHow do order of business plump policies The two terms, which atomic number 18 often confused, need to be clarified. These be the schedule setting and problem interpretation. Agenda setting is bringing issues to active consideration by the government (Cobb and Ross 1997 as cited in Dery 2000 ) while problem definition is what issues are selected for agenda setting (Rochefort and Cobb, 1994 as cited in Dery 2000). Weiss (1989 as cited in Dery 2000) clarifies this hazy boundary between agenda setting and problem definition by stating that problem is defined as how people perceive a circumstance while agenda setting is process by which well-nigh problems come to open attention at a given up time and place.In the past the policies were based on a general approach. During the past two decades , however, policies are outcome of creative inputs from local authorities, housing associations and lenders. The government is also required to play ro le in supporting and sustaining rather than directing and controlling. The implementers in UK judge an idea on pilot scale introductory to changing it into a policy. (Williams & Holmans 1997). The UK policy making has undergone further change. The evidence based policy has taken over, to some extent, the earlier opinion based policymaking. Now the hard data, thoroughly analysed on statistical and economic scales, are central to a policy (Defra 2008).The development of a policy can be explained by technocratic or political model (Majone 1989). In the former, the policy develops or changes as per the preferences (or opinion) of policy makers . In the political model, the agenda setting occurs when the public support is gained for an issue. (Cobb & Elder, 1983 Kingdon, 1984 Baumgartner & Jones, 1993 as cited in Dery 2000). Several ideas generated by policy analysts, researchers, and others have become trends as these have been integrated into thinking and policy making (Basolo 2003). Evaluation of a policy brings prerequisite changes, if required. For e.g. many public housing developments, especially in cities, were originally designed and built to accommodate immense numbers of households. The problems to residents in such houses brought attention to the design of public housing developments. It was also realised that the afford of policy responsibilities to state and local governments from the central government would offer more suitable policy build to the local needs.The ill effects of the concentration of poverty developed as observed by public officials and policy scholars. The minorities and poor were shifted to white areas. It is an example where significant amount of public policy attention is aimed at reducing the concentration of poverty (Goetz, 2000 as cited in Basolo 2003).Beland (2005) refers (Lieberman 2002) that while framing or changing a policy equal importance to ideas and institutions should be given. He thinks ideas are roadmap to framin g a policy. The pioneer in agenda setting study, Kingdon (1995) states that agenda could be defined as the most aggravated problem of the consequence and alternative as policy options capable of solving it. He further elaborates that agenda and policy options turn off by the interaction of three elements viz. Problem, policy and politics. The social groups and politicians to mobilize system in choose of a specific issue use these three elements. The

The Hypocrisy of Civilized Society as a Major Theme in Huckleberry Research Paper

The Hypocrisy of Civilized purchase order as a Major Theme in huckleberry Finn - Research Paper ExampleIts also where he gained a lot of the experience he would need to create The Adventures of huckabackleberry Finn. Although these were essentially childrens stories, Twain had a magnetic inclination to create stories with a much deeper meaning underneath the charm and the humor. He encouraged his readers to plunge the depths of their taste and adapt their behavior to a more accurate reflection of their inner beliefs (Railton, 2007). In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Twain blatantly criticizes the hypocrisy of civilized society as he ridicules religion, satirizes education, criticizes slavery, and exposes aristocratic characters. Twain Ridicules Religion Religion was a particular sore spot with Twain and he expresses his disdain of it through the characters of the Widow Douglas and Miss Watson. These poor ladies tarry obediently devout through everything, without seeming to realize that their belief structures are almost entirely contradictory. Huck sums it up when hes out thinking in the woods, I judged I could see that there was ii Providences, and a poor chap would stand considerable show with the widows Providence, but if Miss Watsons got him there warnt no help for him any more (23). ... Even though the families mount calmly together in church building, the enmity begins again the moment they step foot off of church property The men took their guns along, so did BuckThe Shepherdsons done the same. It was pretty ornery preaching- all about friendly love, and such-like tiresomeness (129), but the families dont hear any of it. Even with the church pleading with them to put aside their fight, it is the feud rather than the church that has the greatest influence on them. Worse than the mindless, inherited pattern of the feud, however, is the fact that it serves no purpose, since the original cause of the conflict long has been forgotten. (Wright 9 0). This experience has a profound effect on Hucks subsequent decisions. When it comes time for Huck to decide whether to turn in his friend Jim as a runaway slave, Huck decides it would be better to go to hell. I took it up, and held it in my hand. I was trembling, because Id got to decide, forever, betwixt two things, and I knowed it. I studied a minute, sort of holding my breath, and then says to myself All right, then, Ill go to hell- and tore it up (223). Hucks justly celebrated crisis of conscience, which culminates in his resolve to free Jim, even if doing so condemns him to hell (Smith 8) is made a bit easier by his understanding of how others observed their religion. Twain Satirizes Education It is an indication of his depth of satire that Twain uses Huck, an almost completely uneducated narrator, to point out the depth of societys degeneracy including its failures within the educational system. He doesnt see much use for it in any of his interactions with others. For ex ample, Tom

Defining Rule utilitarianism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Defining Rule utilitarianism - Essay ExampleFinally, Hospers brings up the last example when quite a little vote. Thus, on an election day people whitethorn or may not be willing to go and vote. The first example tycoon be considered to be an protest to typify utilitarianism since according to it killing the fat man would be quite useful for the group of people, barely the majority of people would agree on the fact that killing is wrong. The second example also shows that act utilitarianism might be regarded as a false approach it is true that sometimes for a concomitant individual lying might bring considerable more benefits that tell the truth however, the society condemns lying. Finally, the trinity example may also be regarded as a valid claim that rebuts act utilitarianism. jibe to the latter, it would be more ethical not to vote for a person, but it is quite obvious that much(prenominal) approach would ruin the legal system.Rule utilitarianism would provide a different solution for this problem. In forget of the fat man, it would encourage people to let that man live. The reason for this is quite simple it is generally true that killing other people is not an ethical action. That is why killing the person in inquire will violate the general rule which contributed to the security in the society. In the second example close to lying, rule utilitarianism would urge a person to tell a truth even though it might be some problems. The logic behind it is rather simple the social life is being cultivatable and stable because people generally do not lie to each other. That is why if people chose to give way an exception from that rule, they might undermine the very foundation of the society. Finally, in the example of voting, rule utilitarianism would encourage people to go and vote in spite of the fact that they may not be willing as if all the other people chose not to vote this is likely to break the democratic system and result in the collapse o f the government.In my opinion rule

Integration of personal and professional skills and discuss the value Research Paper

Integration of personal and superior skills and discuss the value of high preparation in todays society - Research Paper ExampleThe higher education provides so many opportunities to us students and therefore I go away also examine approximately of those opportunities that are availed to us. It has been a long journey and I have also gained a lot from education and I will take this chance to provide reason to others as to why they should follow in my footsteps. In conclusion, happen uponing is not a process that ends when one leaves school I will be explaining what I will be doing in order to maintain a lifelong learning attitude. acquirement is a long and tedious process that requires hard work and determination in order to succeed. legion(predicate) people have talked about learning and how to succeed. It all begins with the individuals inner ride to requirement to succeed. The individual then through motivation from within and the external environment tries to fetch ways that will make them succeed in learning. I am one such person that has had the inner drive until this last minute. I have engaged with my professors and my fellow students in finding the best ways to learn and succeed in life. The professors at this university have greatly contributed to my success up to this point in time. at that place are basic skills that I have acquired during this course and there are a few others that I have improved on. The first basic skill that I acquired is team work. I have learnt that a person does not exist alone and therefore he/she needs to mingle with people and find out how they do things so that you can borrow ideas from them or improve on what you already have. squad work is truly important especially at the university. Most of the students are left on their cause to conduct research and find solutions to problems that exist in the real world. An individual working on his/ or her own may find this work overwhelming especially when given many tasks that have stiff deadlines. If such an individual and another formed a group to discuss the work, it will be very easy for them to complete the work. This is because they share

Detailed analysis of a chosen photograph Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Detailed analysis of a chosen photograph - Essay ExampleThe photographer is sharing the piece of his perceptional reality with the audience. The ship in the middle of the river is always journeying towards the home. Formal Elements The picture Rowing Home the Schoof-stuff is an attempt of Peter enthalpy Emerson to widen the human vision with the depiction of a sole human existence in the wider emphasize signal of a scene (depicting the spacious life of a laborer). Emerson used selective focus to intensify the simulacrum of weariness and loneliness of a laborer on his way home. The use of platinum printing is to decease away any bright toning and to add a more infused mood to create an impressionistic image. The image, manage many other images following naturalism rules, did not use ignite, posturing and pretension. The concepts of retouching and the scientific elements that forego naturalist ideals of a scene are not used. The picture is innovative in creating and promoting impressionistic vision to be identified and followed by successors of Peterson. Historical Analysis The picture is taken by Emerson in 1886 as a part of his naturalist photography. Emerson was known as the leader of the Photographic Naturalistic movement. His idea was to present photographs in their originality without reducing the legitimacy of any image using the scientific techniques of blurring a tone, increasing the light or over-emphasizing on some aspects by clever tools rather than artistic focus. He believed in using the photographic camera as a tool of capturing the details and was against the fragmentation of the natural scenes scientifically. The picture under consideration is a strong evidence of how naturalist movement believed photography to be. The picture is not fragmented or faked further rather used camera focus to omit or include details as required. The wider, stabilize and human-less background automatically turn the focus of the viewer to the laborer headin g back. The wider scope of the picture is to demonstrate the extent of a laborers long and lone journey. Peterson, indeed, captured this image with an idea of showing the wider background without any being interrupting to the exposure of loneliness and tiresome journey of the laborer. Social and Artistic Analysis The image of a ship that is sailing in the sea is indeed an attempt to shed some light on the nature of lives that naval professionals opt. The humanistic approach towards an existence of a soldier is a funny one and provides a great deal of insights in soldiers life. The embedded message in the image communicates the need of caution for those who have their families in the grasp. The people are strongly recommended to hold on to their loved ones while they can be sustain whether or not one like the assumption of death. The death has the weighed down power to take ones closed ones in a blink of an eye. The black and etiolate context of the picture conveys hopelessness a nd depression of the crew that is looking to get home while their aloofness from their loved ones is effectively communicated with the help of black and white color scheme of the picture. Additionally, the featured image captured a ship that is looking at dusk that its crew has to spend away from their families and friends. The human need to long for the closed ones is prominently evident in the image (Gidley 1994). The ships are customarily expected to throw the slain ones that meet their demise during the journey. The crewmen are aware of that fact and therefore, feared by the probability of death that might cause them to die away from the family. All of the humans

Personal Reflection .. Continue (car parking) Essay

Personal Reflection .. Continue (car parking) - Essay casingWe are also going to discover how what implications our different teaching strategies have on the throw. We have a list with everyone names and emails . A web site has been created and we are meeting in a gossip room .( Private Wiki - ESV222 Development and Change. (n.d.). Retrieved May 23, 2009 ) I have listed the names of our time and their strong points. .My reflections on the chats show that Dylan is the team captain. He is working to get everyone to the chat room and the project completed in a timely manner. (Private Wiki - ESV222 Development and Change. ) The studys in the chat room reveal that Dylan was not planning on being the leader, however, he has the best characteristics. He created the web site and the chat room. He was very submissive in completing the task of choosing the project. . The role of critical reflection in relation to the team project can be seen in the discussion in the chat room when we were choosing the topic of the project. Dylan listed for this idea to the separate in the chat room What to do at an intersection - Recognising street signs & road markings - Theory - reading manuals - Parking the car - Dials, Controls, Knobs, Pedals, Mirros etc - Wet and Harsh Conditions. ( Private Wiki - ESV222 Development and Change.

Pollution and the effects on our economy and ways to make it better Research Paper

Pollution and the effects on our economy and ways to make it disclose - Research Paper ExampleIn most cases, most of these negative implications hit more on the environment since most economic activities will involve the production in waste emitting industries. However, not alone pollution may have some positive side as well. As it will be noted in the discussion, in some high levels of pollution, governments may be forced to create knowingness on the issue and by so doing employment will be created as human slap-up is needed to carry out the awareness campaigns. In this paper, discussion is made on how pollution impacts on various economic aspects, which are Gross Private Domestic Investment, government spending, net export, employment place and inflation rates.Pollution is a real crisis, with a lot of negative impacts on the environment, which goes on to expire economies loc exclusivelyy, nationally and globally. Various economic activities result to pollution. In each of its diverse forms, it is linked to some limited consumption or production process. For instance, the amount of carbon monoxide released in the air has a definite kinship to the amount of fuel burned by diverse automotive engines the discharge of polluted water into the streams and lakes fuck be right away linked to the level of output of the paper, steel, textile as well as all the other water-using industries and its amount is dependent on the technological facet of the particular industry. Description and explanation of the level of output of each sector of a given national economy as per its relationships to the corresponding levels of activities in all the other sectors is well done using input-output analysis (Clapp & Dauvergne 89).Un wanted by-products are linked directly to the network of physical relationships governing the daily operations of the economic system. The technical interdependence between the levels of desirable and undesirable outputs can best be described in t erms of the structural coefficients similar to the ones utilise in

Post Mortem Forensic Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Post Mortem Forensic Analysis - Research news report ExampleIn parliamentary procedure to initialize a forensic compend, the first step is to determine the menstruum of the breach to the network. Likewise, after identifying the point of the breach, a forensic examiner can evaluate its exploitation. Moreover, the examiners can as well as identify the source of the threat i.e. the Internet. As per the scenario, a large computer network is compromised by a threat that may have also exploited classified documents. The report impart demonstrate the forensic analysis with the aid of FTK tools in order to identify the root cause of the threat. Overview If an organization is affected by a security breach, in some cases, it is complex to calculate risks related to information assets present on the network. Likewise, it depends on the severity of the threat that may have caused large disruptions in network-based services. This is the point where the digital forensic expert is incorporat ed for identifying the threat, impact and network incidents caused by it. Organizations experience new techniques and methods from an ongoing investigation by a digital forensic expert. Likewise, the point of interception, methodology, and protection etc. are considered to be critical. Moreover, financial institutions are keener to adopt forensic analysis, as this domain including duty model and nature of the data, cannot compromise on security (Network postmortem Forensic analysis after a compromise, n.d.). For instance, master card, visa, American express demonstrates a inviolable online security framework. In the current scenario, where a network is already breached by a threat, these forensic experts center on three core factors i.e. (Network postmortem Forensic analysis after a compromise, n.d.) A breakthrough process focused on understanding the application and network infrastructure, as well as the business information flow of the organization Interviews with key personn el to understand the facts of the case from the customers perspective and identify adequate sources of forensics data Data collection to gather critical sources of evidence to support the investigation, followed by analysis methodology Assuming that the threat has initially breached the application emcee that was serving as an intranet for the organization, forensic investigators construct a methodology that will monitor attacks from inbound and outbound networks. These three processes will be executed, in order to detect the cause and the source pcap trace analysis that is initialized for server-side attack pcap trace analysis that is initialized for client-side attack Netflow analysis initialized for network flow monitoring In order to capture attacks, forensic investigators implemented a insecure HTTP server. The server will acts as an original server and address every query related to HTTP. However, for affect a POST request the server will initiate a separate thread that w ill encapsulate a shell incorporated by a port 12345. The replicated fake web server will process the shellcode similarly to the original one. The tool that will be used for exploiting and capturing network concern is WireShark(Cert Exercises Handbook Scribd, n.d.). It is an open-source tool that is meant for capturing data packets and network traffic examination on wired and wireless networks (Wireshark Network Analysis n.d.).

Information Systems Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Information Systems Strategy - Essay Example, and so on) to otherwise individuals for free or in exchange for another item, will safeguard the environment, as it will make out the waste sent to landfill as well as reduce the demand for natural resources. In addition, the government wants to support individuals and families, who are economically deprived or struggling, by offering them an online platform where they can start items for free or in exchange for other unwanted items.In any organization, organizational twist provides the framework for the founders or leaders as well as the department heads, supervisors, employees, and others to operate in a streamlined and effective manner. This is applicable to online organization such as ReuseUK, and particularly for the organizations with dual or double founders or leaders. As ReuseUK consist of two founders, they have a range of options to choose from including compact, corporations, and others. Which one is salutary for you de pends on many factors, including how much control you want to maintain, tax and liability issues, and your business goals (Simon 2013). In that direction, provideship appears to be the suitable organizational structure for ReuseUK to follow. The advantage with checkmateship based organizational structure is that it provides way flexibility, so that management decisions and other responsibilities can be allocated among the partners according to business needs and each partners strengths (Simon 2013). In that direction, while one partner has an Information Technology (IT) emphasize, the other has social green light background, both of which can be utilized to manage this IT based social enterprise organization. Partner with IT background can take care of the website functioning and the related tasks, including supervision of the IT support analyst and importantly the IS strategy. Although, the partner with social enterprise qualifications can manage the content of the website, al ong with other key personnel of market

Alternative Methods in Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Alternative Methods in Justice - Essay Exampley will attempt to hit the books why it is better for offenders such as p accidental injuryaceutical companies to be punished in a room other than incarceration and payment of fines. It will also suggest alternative methods of punishments for drug companies who willfully harm society. Moreover, it will attempt to explain why non-incarceration is a much better way in dealings with this kind of criminality.In February 2009, U.S. District Judge Jack T. Camp fined Hi-Tech Pharmaceuticals chief operating officer Jared Wheat $50,000 and reproducible him, the company and other individual defendants to forfeit $3 million in proceeds from marketing clone prescription drugs over the internet. (Rothman, C., 2009) Apparently they were producing generic versions of drugs similar to Viagra in their facility in Belize and selling them online without need for prescriptions. A jury also found former InterMune Inc. CEO W. Scott Harkonen guilty of heal th shell out fraud. (Levine, D., 2009) InterMune, Inc. is a biotechnology company focused on developing and commercializing innovative therapies in pulmonology and hepatology. (Corporate Overview, n.d.) It seems under Harkonens direction, InterMune marketed and sold Actimmune to treat IPF, a fatal disease, despite the fact that the drug was not approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a safe and effective treatment. (Former Intermune, 2008) In 2005, Patrick Lais, then CEO of York Pharmaceuticals Inc., was sentenced to federal prison for distributing substandard aspirin in 2000 and 2001. (Kansas City 2005) The common punishment for these two crimes had been big fines and incarceration. Given the effect of these crimes to the lives of their consumers, CEOs of pharmaceutical companies who intentionally harm the public should receive other forms of punishment than heartrending fines and jail time. They are rich. They can pay the fines. If they behave nicely in jail, they may get a parole. Through all these, their customers are still suffering and may or

IT support for virtual teams Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

IT support for virtual teams - Essay ExampleThere are a many basiss why virtual teams are turning out to be so popular these days. The basic antecedent is the reality that we live in the information age, as different to the industrial age. In view of the position that the information travels at the speed of light, and those who have access to the most modern and troubledest communication and quislingism technologies are capable to send data quickly. The capability to transmit data and information at fast speeds, combined with the power of the web, has caused the formation of virtual corporations. However, the most influential aspect of the virtual team is that it is non limited to their physical location. In addition, virtual teams are as well extremely efficient for the reason that they do not have any off hours. For instance, in case of a traditional line of credit environment, where all their staff members are available at the same location, has an 8 hour-work per day. On the other hand, in a virtual environment virtual team members have a 24 hour-work per day. For instance, when the workers in superstar time zone are inactive, the others are operational. Thus, virtual teams are able to get more make in a small period of time as compared to the traditional teams. A virtual team can contain members from all over the world. It can comprise knowledge and expertise from any polish and any country (Exforsys Inc., 2009).Traditionally, a project team refers to a social group of individuals who are collocated and inversely dependent in their jobs. In fact, they carry out and organize their delegates to attain common objectives and contribute to task for effective results. Virtual teams have objectives similar to the traditional teams, however, they use different infrastructure as compared to traditional project teams. In this scenario, they perform their tasks without having the limitations of time, organizational boundaries and geographical locations a ssociated with

‘Strategic Hrm and Performance Essay Example for Free

Strategic Hrm and Performance EssayThe people in an organization atomic number 18 considered to be one of the most valuable imaginations of todays firms. Other options over such(prenominal)(prenominal) as brands, products, processes, technological advancement, economies of scale can still raise a competitive advantage except an administrations gentlemans gentleman metropolis be more vital for its sustain cl invariablyness. The idea that an organisations benevolent imaging can play a strategicalalal role in determining its success has led to the development of a field of research commonly referred to as Strategic forgiving imagery caution. The understanding of the causal human affinity amongst HR and organisational surgical procedure helps HR managers to design policies that will lend forth better operational efficiency to action higher organizational process. The emergence of strategic HRM represents a paradigm shift from the traditional HRM models. It is concerned more specifically with the relationship between HRM and the strategic context. ( timberland, Holman and tone, 2006 100)HR practises are the main tool which an organisation can use to qualifying the pool of human capital as well as an attempt to shift and align organisational behaviours which leads to organisational success. The skills, behaviour and attitudes of employees must fit the strategic needs of the firm in revisal for it to develop a competitive advantage. How incessantly, the singular focus on the strategic interests of an organisation have been criticised by some who suggest that this whitethorn be to the detriment of the employees (Van Buren, Greenwood and Sheehan, 2011 209) in that respect has been a steady growth over the last two decades of research publications aroundstrategic HRM and according to Gooderham, Parry and Ringdal (2008 2042), this can be broadly divided into three main kinds of theories universalist, Contingency and Configurational. Universalistic theories have an underlying assumption that there is a enjoin link between some human resource put ons and organisational performance across all organisations and under all conditions (Lengnick-Hall, Lengnick-Hall, Andrade, and Drake, 2009 68) and are concerned with best physical exercise.Contingency theories reject the universal applicability of human resource practices, therefore supposing that the relationship between them and performance will differ depending on various external and internal factors and influences.Configurational theories suggest that the regard of strategic HRM on organisational performance is dependent on the use of an effective combination of interconnected human resource practices. This provides a useful framework for closer examination of the link between guess and practice.Universalistic suppositionIn relation to the universalistic theory, the current literature provides much empirical recount for a direct and linear link between st rategic HRM and a positive force on organisational performance (Boselie, Dietz and Boon, 2005 67 Combs, Liu, Hall and Ketchen, 2006 501 Katou and Budhwar, 2006 1248 Stavrou, Brewster and Charalambous, 2010 952). In their study of the retail industry, Chuang and Liao (2010 185) concluded there was a clear link between strategic HRM and performance. They found that human resource practices can facilitate a climate of concern for two customers and employees which subsequently encourages employees to work well with their customers and co-workers which is essential in achieving higher takes of market performance. However the specific ways in which human resource practices impact on organisational outcomes are not always clear and their level of impact has been subject to criticism.Whilst there is strongevidence to support the vision that universal best practices provide a strong foundation for strategic HRM, distinguishable factors need to be considered in order to achieve a highe r level of performance. (Lengnick-Hall, Lengnick-Hall, Andrade, and Drake, 2009 68). Despite the volume of evidence to suggest the contrary, there is also an change magnitude consensus in the current literature amongst researchers that human resource practices themselves do not directly impact on performance. Instead, it is suggested that they merely influence resources, such as the human capital, or how employees behave, and it is these, rather than the practices themselves, that subsequently lead to performance. (Katou and Budhwar, 2006 1224). The ability to influence through with(predicate) strong leadership plays an important role in helping employees to be aware(predicate) of the sets of HR best practices.These best practices need the support of top-level managers to adopt them in the first place, which in acidulate will greatly influence the buy-in from the rest of the employees in the organization. If these so called best practices are mainly from the spot of top attent ion and shareholders, while there is no room for employees voices to be heard, the theoretical aspect of strategic HRM will not work. In their study of performance and strategic HRM in Call Centres across the UK, Wood, Holman and Stride (2006 120) found very limited support for the human resource-performance relationship and identified inconsistent results across practices and performance.Furthermore, in otherwise research conducted by Hesketh and Fleetwood (2006 678), they conclude that the empirical evidence for the existence of an HRMperformance link is equivocal. In real life, companies may need to respond to external pressures which creates problems of treating employees with consistency of treatment, especially over period and may cause problems of retaining good and loyal staff. Simply developing the appropriate HR practices in theory will not be enough because HR advantages also depend on how these practices are apply on the ground.For example, an organisation that focus es on the well- creation of their employees in an economic recession or times of change magnitude competition may be forced to decide between commitment to employees and a need to slue costs, re organise or lay-offs in order to stay solvent. Therefore, looking for a link between HR practices and performance is a futile effort because the main focus needs to be on the relationship between policy, practices, processes, implementationand performance. This is a huge effort that is not easily and practically achieved in many a(prenominal) organisations today.Contingency TheoryIn relation to the contingency theory described by Gooderham, Parry and Ringdal (2008 2042), whereby the relationship between strategic HRM practices and performance is said to vary according to different external and internal factors and contextual variables, there is some support. Internal influences identified in the literature complicate factors such as technology, structure and size of the organisation and business strategy, and external influences include factors such as the legal, social and political environs (Lengnick-Hall, Lengnick-Hall, Andrade, and Drake, 2009 66). For instance, within Wal-Mart, those in charge of logistics have extremely valuable and unique skills, much more so than the average sales associate. On the other hand, at Nordstroms, because customer service is important, sales associate skills are more critical to the strategy than those of the logistics employees.Indeed Godard (2010 466) argues that a backbone criticism of the current research around strategic HRM practices is its failure to pay sufficient systematic attention to these variables and to the impact that historical, institutional and socioeconomic conditions may have had on human resource practices over time. Similarly, Hueslid and Becker (2001 427) suggest that whilst the nature of work and organisations has undergone considerable change over the past two decades, the practice of strategic HRM has changed much less and this failure to adapt and be flexible has a direct impact on how well it works in practice and how much influence it has on organisational performance.Relating to this, Kim (2010 42) asserts that understanding employees expectations for their work environment is funda affable to developing successful human resource practices including expectations around merit awards, promotion and career development opportunities and organisational rules. Critics of the contingency theory approach, however, suggest that whilst the arguments surrounding it demonstrate a theoretical foundation that is more solid that that of the universalistic approach, the evidence of its effectiveness in practice does not reach the said(prenominal) level of statistical validity. (Martin-Alcazar, Romero-Fernandez and Sanchez-Gardey, 2005 636).Configurational TheoryFinally, with regard to the third theory proposed by Gooderham, Parry and Ringdal (2008 2042), there appears to be a strong evide nce base of support in the current literature for configurational theory. This theory suggests that the impact of strategic HRM is dependent on the effective combination of a range of interrelated and multi-dimensional practices that must work well with one another in order to achieve positive performance outcomes. In their study of strategic HRM and organisational development in British manufacturing firms, De Menezes, Wood and Gelade (2010 468), concur with this and argue that strategic HRM only has the ability to achieve multiple goals and higher organisational performance, when it is fully integrated with other practices.Similarly, Boxall and Purcell (2000 186) note that too a good deal there remains a marked tendency in organisations to view human resource practices as an end in themselves, rather than as integral to the organisation and they are therefore are not appropriately linked in to one another and to other management practices, which subsequently impacts on how effe ctively they operate.The role and skills of human resource practitioners has also been the subject of much research in relation to what impact they have in making strategic HRM work in practice. Some commentators suggest that in order for practices to be effective, practitioners need to possess key strategic skills and centre of attention abilities including a high level of knowledge about the business and the environment in which it operates, organisational effectiveness skills, and fighting management skills (Ingham, 2010 32). Furthermore, Van Buren, Greenwood and Sheehan (2011 210) propose that the duality of roles that human resource practitioners have historically played, as both employer representatives and as employee advocates, has led to complications and may impact on how effective human resource management is in practice.They go on to suggest that human resource managers face pressures to emphasise employer goals, and often this impacts negatively on their role of advoc ating for employee welfare, and that they are constrained by demands of their managers and the organisational cultures in which they operate. (2011 211). Related to this, another feature of the current literature is howhuman resource practices are implemented and by whom within organisations. The evidence suggests that rather than being seen as a specialist role, much of the work around human resource practice is increasingly being delegated to middle managers to implement. Critics of this approach suggest that these managers are not equipped with the essential skills and time needed to effectively implement strategic HRM.Growing workloads and rising expectations of their roles have increased tensions within their position as middle managers, with their perception that they do not have the time or resources to effectively manage their staff (McConville and Holden, 1999 406). In a study of line manager involvement in human resource practice in the NHS, Currie and Proctor (2001 53) f ound that line managers are important to strategic change within the organisation when inclined discretion to implement human resource strategies within their own teams.However, managers may not place the same value on strategic HRM, and managers are much more reactive than proactive, and are not believably to prioritise human resource issues unless any problems associated with them become critical. Many managers in todays organisations are more task oriented because of the demands of multi-tasking, while ideally they should be spending most of their time authentically managing their staff and segments.This may not be entirely their fault because many organisations today are often dominated by cost-benefit analysis and talk a lot about trade-offs rather than the emotional and mental well-being of their employees. Another key feature of the literature is associated with the methodological challenges that exist in assessing to what extent strategic HRM theory works in practice. Th ese challenges arise from the lack of a single agreed definition or list of human resource practices or systems to rhythm the relationship between strategic HRM and organisational performance (Paauwe, 2009 136). The absence seizure of this means that performance may only be ascribed to the specific effects of single interventions rather than mensurable as a whole. It has been recognised that the development and evaluation of a more comprehensive model demonstrating a causal link between strategic HRM and performance is needed.(Huselid and Becker, 2011 422). Wright and McMahan (2011 95) propose that there are three key measures that exist whereby the effectiveness of human capital and therefore human resource practices can bemeasured. These include subjective measures such as employee perceptions proxy measures which are used as alternatives where aspects of practice are nasty to quantify and direct assessments which involves measuring tangible factors such as levels of academic at tainment of employees or productivity. However, they allow that these measures are not necessarily easy to implement and that all pose challenges for those wanting to research and measure the effectiveness of human resource practices. Others argue that any measures of the impact of strategic HRM and human resource practices are at high risk of bias and misinterpretation and any results relating to this should therefore be treated with fear (Gardner and Wright, 2009 68).ConclusionThe purpose of this paper is not to ignore the importance of Strategic gentleman Resource Management theories and the benefits it brings to organisations competitive advantage. The studies put in by many renowned theorists seemed to show that there is indeed a link between well executed merciful Resource policies and strategies with organizational performanceTable 1 Outcomes of research on the link between HR and organizational performance. Source Michael Armstrong (2006). Strategic Human Resource Manage ment A Guide to Action. Kogan Page. London. p. 73-74The current research literature provides a very mixed view of how well the theory of strategic HRM works in practice. Whilst some studies provide convincing evidence to signalize to a direct causal link with strategic HRM and high organisational performance, others provide equally compelling evidence to suggest that there is no link and in some cases, even a negative correlation coefficient with good performance.In addition, many studies suggest that there are a wide range of variables which impact on how effectively the theory of strategic HRM translates into practice, and which make it difficult to differentiate the impact of strategic HRM from other management activities, and other factors including internal and external organisational pressures and drivers, the type and size of the organisation, and the skill base and strategic lieu of human resource management related roleswithin the organisation. It also depends on whether the organisation has the capability and the delicate resources to communicate and implement the HR strategies across all level in the organisation.For example, from top management to department heads or from line managers to service staff as well as interactions between departments and employees. The issue is to boot problematic when combined with the lack of consensus on the measures to be used to assess the impact of strategic HRM on performance. A major challenge for Strategic Human Resource Management in the near coming(prenominal) is to is to establish a clear and consistent construct for organisational performance. Despite the strong theoretical grounds for believe that strategic HRM should be beneficial for organisational performance, the evidence in practice is ambiguous. Strategic HRM is a complex and ever evolving process and given the contesting evidence and the lack of agreed metrics, the debate around whether or not strategic HRM works in practice will continue on. On e aspect of this debate, however, where there does seem to be consensus, is around the need for further research in this area, and perhaps only with this, can the debate ever be truly settled.Reference ListBoselie, P., Dietz, G., and Boon, C. (2005) Commonalities and contradictions in HRM and performance, Human Resource Management journal, Vol. 15 (1), pp. 6794. Boxall, P. and Purcell, J. (2000) Strategic Human Resource Management where have we come from and where should we be going? transnational Journal of Management Reviews, Vol. 2 (2), pp. 183-203.Chuang, C.H. and Liao, H. (2010) Strategic Human Resource Management in Service linguistic context Taking Care of Business by Taking Care of Employees and Customers, Personnel Psychology, Vol. 63, pp. 153-196. Currie, G. and Procter, S. (2001) Exploring the Relationship between HR and Middle Managers, Personnel Review, Vol. 11 (3), pp. 53-69. De Menezes, L.M., Wood, S. and Gelade, G. (2010) The integration of human resource and operat ion management practices and its link with performance A longitudinal latent class study, Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 28, pp. 455-471. Edgar, F. and Geare, A. (2005).HRM practice and employee attitudes Different measures different results, Personnel Review, Vol. 34 (5), pp. 534-549. Godard, J. (2010) What Is Best for Workers? The Implications of Workplaceand Human Resource Management Practices Revisited, Industrial Relations, Vol. 49 (3), pp. 466-488. Gooderham, P., Parry, E. and Ringdal, K. (2008) The impact of bundles of strategic human resource management practices on the performance of European firms, The global Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 19 (11), pp. 2041-2056. Gould-Williams, J. and Davies, F. (2005).Using social exchange theory to predict the effects of HRM practice on employee outcomes, Public Management Review, Vol. 7 (1), pp. 1-24. Hathorn, M. (2012) Human Capital Challenges and Priorities, Optimis Human Capital Management Switzerland. Katou, A .A. and Budhwar, P.S. (2006) Human resource management systems and organizational performance a test of a mediating model in the classical manufacturing context, International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 17 (7), pp.1223-1253. Lengnick-Hall, M.L., Lengnick-Hall, C.A., Andrade, L.S. and Drake, B. (2009) Strategic human resource management The evolution of the field, Human Resource Management Review, Vol. 19, pp. 64-85. Marescaux, E., De Winne, S. and Sels, L. (2010) HRM practices and work outcomes The role of basic need satisfaction, look into Centre for Organisation Studies Belgium.Martin-Alcazar, F., Romero-Fernandez, P.M. and Sanchez-Gardey, G. (2005) Strategic human resource management integrating the universalistic, contingent, configurational and contextual perspectives, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 16 (5), pp. 633-659. McConville, T. and Holden, L. (1999) The filling in the sandwich HRM and middle managers in the wellness sector, Personnel Review, Vol. 28 (5/6), pp.406424. Stavrou, E.T., Brewster, C. and Charalambous, C. (2010) Human resource management and firm performance in Europe through the lens of business systems best fit, best practice or both?, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 21 (7), pp. 933-962.Van Buren III, H.J., Greenwood, M. and Sheehan, C. (2011) Strategic human resource management and the decline of the employee focus, Human Resource Management Review, Vol. 21, pp. 209-219. Wood, S., Holman, D. and Stride, C. (2006) Human Resource Management and Performance in UK Call Centres, British Journal of Industrial Relations, Vol. 44 (1), pp. 99-124. Wright, P.M. and McMahan, G.C. (2011) Exploring human capital putting human back into strategic human resource management, Human Resource Management Journal, Vol. 21 (2),pp. 93-104.

National Health Service Essay Example for Free

case Health Service EssayThe NHS stands for the National Health Service, which provides healthc be for all UK citizens based on their lease for healthcare rather than their ability to pay for it. It is fully funded by full- term workers taxes. The aim of the health wait on is to ensure that anyone can receive the medical exam care they need, regardless of their age, circumstances or financial situation.Advantages* To knock against the needs of everyone* To be free at the point of delivery* The NHS provides care free of charge to most UK residents * Depending on the nature of your problem you may be treated by a doctor, dentist or optician * There are is a range of healthcare services offered by the NHS, burying every concern from flu to vaccinations, mental illness to ectopic pregnancy care. * When you seek help because you feel unwell, the medical practitioner you visit will be able to inform you of the care options available to you. * Every soulfulness in England having access to his or her own confidential medical records. * Helpdesk service available 24 hours a day, seven days a week.Disadvantages* Long waiting lists* Your situation of needing care may non be as important as others * They may use low quality equipment on you because you are not paying for the treatment, therefore your health issue may not be resolved as quickly or properly with incorrect equipment. * People will abuse the system by victimization is too much when it is not necessary or they have not paid taxes sufficiently.-The United States is in a flash the only remaining MEDC country without some form of free access to a medical service, partly because policy debates are driven by false, self defeating beliefs. One thought of this is that the United States cannot afford to cover the uninsured, when in fact a coordinated financing system is the key tool for holding cost down, and there are affordable ways to do it. Also many believe that the United States is so large and di fferent that any lessons one might benefit from a smaller and less diverse countries do not apply here. Universal health care system would mean low salaries, addition facilities, poor quality, and endless waits to see a doctor, as a good example of this is with the NHS.The current/ sassy NHS* The plan for the new NHS by the present government is even more ambitious than the transformation by Margaret Thatcher. * The NHS was widely discussed as no longer sustainable or no longer affordable. Therefor the appreciate of Tax has been increased largely. * Demands are rising, as are costs. And this is all happening at a time when money is tighter than ever. * Two thirds of hospital beds are now estimated to be occupied by the over 65s at any one time. * Nurses have been given a lot more responsibility.* IVF treatment is helping thousands of couples trust each year. * Organ transplants are now saving over 3,000 lives a year. * Obesity, drinking and smoking. All troika cause disease and death, adding billions of pounds to the NHS bill.

A Case Study Of Agriquip Agencies Essay Example for Free

A Case Study Of Agriquip Agencies Essay1.0 instaurationThe report reviews my three months work of holdfast at Agriquip Agencies (EA) Ltd which is part of compulsory course work front to the compliment of a diploma in business attention. The report is an overview of let gained, activities carried pop step to the fore at Agriquip Agencies (EA) Ltd, challenges approach during my bail bond period and how I overcame them. In My attachment I was rotated in all the divisions of the musical arrangement. 1.1 AGRIQUIP AGENCIES (EA) LTD figure more The stages of consumer buying decision process essayAgriquip Agencies (EA) Ltd is an administration specialized in Importation, diffusion, Wholesale and retail of a wide variety of Agricultural and industrial machineries and their accessories. The society was established in 1968 and it is based in Nairobi Industrial atomic number 18a a ample Lusaka road. It has branches in major towns, in Kisumu city, Mombasa city and Eldoret t own. It has a number of appointed distribution agents in opposite towns in erect to assist in distribution of their products. The memorial t commensuratet draws its major customers in the Sugar factories by providing them with industrial spare separate, in agricultural welkin it supplies the tea loadeds and plantations with conglomerate machines and their accessories for ease of their farm work. In industrial sector the firm provides the manufacturing companies with spare parts for their machinery to find the production does not halt due to omit of spares. The firm excessively targets the automobile labor by ensuring that they feature spares in hardy in ordinance to continue with their business without interruptions due to lack of spare parts. The firm obtains its products from different parts of the world and take ins they maintain candid relationship with their suppliers and maintains the necessary subscriber line levels in ordinate to cope and satisfy the demands of their customers. 1.1.1 Vision of the OrganizationTo be the leading firm to veer Africa into a prime trade and inducement destination 1.1.2 Mission StatementTo turn Africa risk into hazard by providing tall property, cost effective Agricultural industrial equipments.1.1.3 Core valuesStrive to stomach out their business with customer focus approach combined with integrity, creativity, unity of purpose and an attitude of getting it right the first time. 1.1.4 Corporate Objectives To consistently focus on our customer ineluctably and provide them with products of the highest quality and standards that ensure they enjoy value for their money. To transform Africa into a prime trade and investment destination by ensuring steady supply of quality products to our business partners in other sectors To ensure safety of environment and users of our products by providing products which are environmental friendly To invest in research and development in order to mark products which are cost effective and satisfy the emerging needs of our customers 1.1.5 SWOT AnalysisAn analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) was carried out to recognize the firms internal strengths and weaknesses (internal analysis) in relation to external opportunities and threats (external analysis). This was under(a)taken with a view to identify and take go through to leverage the strengths and opportunities and transform the weaknesses into strengths and threats to be turned into opportunities. This goes a long way in enabling the brass section to make its accusatorys 1.1.6 STRENGTHSThe main strengths of Agriquip includes the following-i.Committed and experienced staff. The staff members are committed and have computable skills and experience in their single units. ii.Proper communication seams the communication channels are advantageously defined and the counselling created room for creativity and innovation as s sound up as expressing their op inions freely without reverence or intimidation.1.1.6 WEAKNESSESThe firm was noted to have a number of weaknesses which includes- Little room for growth- The firm does not have well structured policies which provides for promotion and staff growth highway. Lacks clear recruitment policiesUnequal distribution of workDo not have proper allocation of resources.1.1.7 OPPORTUNITIESTechnological Development These are opportunities which the firm can exploit to reduce cost of its operations Research and development The firm can invest in RD in order to control the needs of their customers in order to come up with products that are cap able of satisfying their customers and remain competitive. 1.1.8 THREATSCompetition Due to the technological change the firm is faced with contestation from other suppliers Counterfeit goods flocking the market The firm should invest in campaign against use of counterfeit products.1.2 term OF ATTACHMENTI was attached at Agriquip Agencies (EA) Ltd for eight calendar workweeks from 17th December 2013 to 8th February 2014. During this period I was rotated in all the sections of the firm starting line with administration, acquire, imports, accounts, gross revenue and stores. I was taken through the motley operations of the above departments and was able to practice what I erudite in class. The attachment was in truth evoke as I had an opportunity to practice and utilize my technical skills and equipped me with understanding of the respective(a) caution positions.1.3 DEPARTMENT ATTACHED1.3.1 ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENTI was attached in this department for one week from 17.12.2013 to 21.12.2013, functional for 5 old age from Tuesday to Saturday. This department deals with the following activities -Receiving recording and distributing mail to the applicable departments for action. -Maintaining staff attendance records- designate duties to patch assistants, clerks and delivery staff-Allocating resources for use by all the u nits within the nerves-Issuing local acquire orders for baron stationeries-Maintaining fuel consumption records for all the company vehicles-Attending to customer queries and directing them-Filing and maintaining safe custody of the company files-Recording out going mails and dispatching them- treat provide application forms for the staff members1.3.2 IMPORTS DEPARTMENTI worked in this department for two weeks starting from 23.12.2013 to 04.01.2014. I was working from Monday to Saturday except during the holidays i.e. 25th, 26th December 2013 and 01st January 2014. The duration that I was attached in this department I was appoint to do the following courses -Application for import license (IDF)-Filing of all the importation documents-Opening the costing sheets files-Application of shipboard soldier cover notes-Receiving the shipping documents from the overseas suppliers and coordinating clearance with the clearing agents-Processing custom bonds with KRA-Computation of import d uties and customs taxes-Arranging for payments for customs taxes and other levies1.3.3 PURCHASING DEPARTMENTI was attached in this department for duration of one week from 06.01.2014 to 11.01.2014, working for six days from Monday to Saturday. During this period my duties were- -Receiving and recording requisition from the stores-Filing requisition and other purchasing documents- modify order records-Preparing and sending enquiries to the overseas suppliers-Sending purchase orders to the suppliers-Recording purchase orders in the order book-Receiving quotations from the potential suppliers-Follow up with the suppliers to aid our supplies1.3.4 STORES I worked in this department for duration of one week during which I was tasked with the following responsibilities. -Issuing requisition for purchase to the purchasing department. -Receiving and verification of goods to hear they are in conformance with our order confirmation. -Issuing goods acquire notes-Filing of documents-Supervi sing filiation winning-Binning of the incoming stock in their respective bins-Retrieving stock from the bins to be sold-Updating the stock issuance forms-Raising stock adjustment slips1.3.5 SALES I was attached in this department for two weeks from 20.10.2014 to 01.10.2014, working for 6 days per week. During this period my duties were- -Taking orders from customers and raising sales invoices-Recording day-after-day sales in the sales day book-Assisting the purchasing department to raise enquiries to the suppliers -Keeping track of daily sales documents and ensuring they are powerful distributed to the various department for arrogate actions -Assigning enquiries consumed to the counter salesmen to action -Issuing ETR receipts for the sales make-Receiving customers complaints on the company products and directing them to the trusty someones for appropriate action5 1.3.6 ACCOUNTS I was in this department for one week from 03.02.2014 to 08.02.2014. My assignments were- -Recei ving sales documents for the previous day and checking the calculations -Entering sales in the sales day book-Entering purchases in the purchase day book-Writing receipts for the payments received from the debtors-Writing cash book and petty cash books-Preparing remittance advice notes-Preparing PAYE, bath returns online-Preparing bank reconciliations-Preparing debtors analysis schedulesSECTION cardinal2.0 ATTACHMENT EXPERIENCES2.1 GENERAL ACTIVITIES UNDERTAKEN.The general activities undertaken on daily basis were to ensure that all the documents to be apply for the day are available as beseechd, depending on the department attached. 2.1.1 Filing of various documents Filing was also classified as an important general activity undertaken in the Organization. I sorted and classified the various documents depending on the required classification methods adopted by the different departments within the organization and putting them in their respective files. 2.1.2 Classification and handling information in the share set up. I classified and handled office information in a confidential and secret manner as files were not to be undecided or left unattended as they contain confidential information which should not be let on to everyone.2.1.3 Planning of daily activities As a general rule and practice of the organization, every employee was expected to doctor a daily work plan for the activities that he was expected to perform in the course of the day. I had to start my days with a plan which entailed arranging my work in the order of priorities as enjoin by my supervisor 2.1.3 General office administration I ensured that the duties allocated to me by my manager were promptly execute and maintained conducive environment for daily operations. 2.1.4 Customer Relationship Management I ensured customers requests were promptly handled and the responsible managers were informed of the enquiries through the daily reports. I responded to the enquiries through emai ls, telephone calls and any other appropriate channels of communication. I also directed the enquiries to the right person for assistance. 72.1.5 Office neatness After the office had been cleaned, I ensured that my desk was neatly arranged to facilitate smooth flow of work 2.2 particular(prenominal)ACTIVITIES UNDERTAKENI undertook the following activities in the various departments attached 2.2.1 Records vigilance this involved receiving incoming documents, recording, classifying, arranging, opening respective files, updating of records, capturing data relevant to the various departments, storing and retrieving files , locking the documents in the cabinets and restricting unauthorized persons from accessing any records under my custody. I performed this work in all the departments attached. 2.2.2 Filing of tax returns in the accounts department I was tasked with preparing VAT returns, PAYE returns, advance tax returns, Withholding tax returns, NSSF returns, NHIF tax returns 2.2 .3 Computation of Customs taxes In the imports department I performed the duties of preparing imports declaration forms using KRA Orbus system, lodging customs entries using TRADEX- SIMBA system and arranging payments for the taxes through the bank. 2.2.4 Processing Customs Clearance documents I was also tasked with processing clearance documents and clearing the import consignments at JKIA.Preparing leatherneck cover notes and ensured all our imports are duly are insured against damages, pilferage or loss in transit. Updating the imports register and ensured that all the imported is up to date 2.2.5 Customer relations I was tasked with receiving customers complaints on the company products and directing them to the responsible persons for appropriate action. I took note of the issues raised and forwarded them to the relevant heads of department and made a follow up to ensure the necessary action has been taken and feedback has been conkd concerned person. I also ensured at th at place was a working co-ordination mingled with the various departments within the organization and the right information was circulated to right person on time. 2.2.6 Stock management I assisted the stores department to emend on their stock management procedures. This was through improvement of their systems of stock recording, issuance and documentations. Other tasks included Issuance of purchase for requisition forms to the purchasing department, issuing goods received notes, supervising stock taking, binning of the incoming stock in their respective bins, retrieving stock from the bins to be sold, Updating the stock issuance forms Raising stock adjustment slips among others Receiving and verification of goods to ascertain they are in conformance with our order confirmation.2.2.7 Administrative Duties I was assigned to perform administrative duties which includes. Maintaining staff attendance records, Assigning duties to office assistants, clerks and delivery staff, Allo cating resources for use by all the units within the organizations, Issuing local purchase orders for office stationeries, Maintaining fuel consumption records for all the company vehicles Filing and maintaining safe custody of the company files, Processing leave application forms for the staff members as well as tracing of different types of files and taking them to the required departments. 2.2.8 buy functions This involves the tasks of receiving and recording requisition from the stores, Preparing and sending enquiries to the overseas supplier, Sending purchase orders to the suppliers, Recording purchase orders in the order book, Receiving quotations from the potential supplier, Follow up with the suppliers to expedite our supplies, Issuing requisition for purchase to the purchasing department. Receiving and verification of goods to ascertain they are in conformance with our order confirmation. Assisting the purchasing department to raise enquiries to the suppliers 2.2.9 Sales of Company Products This involves taking orders from customers and raising sales invoices, Raising cash sales in case of cash transactions, Recording daily sales in the sales day book, Keeping track of daily sales documents and ensuring they are right on distributed to the various department for appropriate actions, Assigning enquiries received to the counter salesmen to action, Issuing ETR receipts for the sales made2.3 AN ANALYSIS OF LEARNT KNOWLEDGE AND APPLIED SKILLS2.3.1 talkThe communication channel in the AGRIQUIP AGENCIES (EA) LTD is vertical. Communication channeled from top management down to the middle level and subsequent to the lower level. Junior officers give feedback through the same channel until the information r some(prenominal)lyes the senior management for action. I hold int that for smooth and efficient operation in any organization there must be an effective communication system which facilitates the flow of information. 2.3.2 TO EMBRACE TEAM elaborate I learnt that it is crucial to have good co-operation between the workers which enables departmentactivities to be coordinated smoothly and efficiently. whatsoever organization must encourage Team work and coordination within all its departments in order to get the overall objectives of the business. I learnt to build team work and to cooperate with both the internal and external customers of the organization.2.3.3 neighborly RELATIONSThe staff members are friendly and this in turn creates unity. The senior officers are free and well-disposed with the junior staffs thus making them feel recognized, this enable me to adapt to the environment very quickly. I learnt that through creation of social relation there is room to learn and perform work easily as this encourages breaks barriers and leads to efficient communication and accomplishment of tasks. 2.3.4 RECOGNITION/RESPECTRespect is highly observed, Staff members respect each other, their seniors and also the public in general. Staff members who perform their duties well are motivated verbally, through testimony letters, incentives and sometimes promotion. Staffs are also encouraged to upgrade their education. I learnt that when workers feel appreciated they are able to perform their work with minimum supervision and provideingly. 2.3.5 EMPLOYEE FOCUSI learnt that when organization recognizes the contribution of their employees, they see them as important assets and to be invested in and not a cost to be avoided. Employees with personal needs are to be assisted which boosts their morale and increase their out-put. The organization has set clear and explicit standards of service that clients (employees) sensibly expect. They always uphold transparency and accountability in service delivery. They always take corrective action on errors and deficiencies that occur I learned the way the organization should undertake the core mandate. This was by working closely with various departments during my attachment . And i also raise out that practical part of management is very interesting. I was allowed to learn the way an organization is supposed to function andwhat is expected of every employee with regard to footing and condition of service. I was trained on how to develop work/duty schedules which enhances performing tasks efficiently achieving exits and solution problems effectively through consultation of other working mates. 10During my attachment period I ensured that decisions which I made were in line with the organizations policy and in consultation with my superiors. I applied the knowledge learnt in class in addressing issues worry complaints from employees and managed the situations effectively. Through interpersonal skills that I acquired both in training and during the attachment period I was able to interact well with the employees of the organization. I also acquired knowledge on how to communicate with senior management staff and how to address the general population with respect and decorum where one keep down is entitled to one superior type of management. 2.4 A PROFILE OF SKILLS AND COMPETENCIES GAINED/ACQUIRED These eight weeks of my internship at Agriquip Agencies (EA) Ltd enabled me to gain skills, competence and experience in various managerial functions. I interacted with some(prenominal) suppliers both local and international suppliers, Consumers of our products, organisation Agencies and other clients who required to be attended to. This equipped me with communication skills, negotiation skills and more importantly managerial skills in all sections within the organization as I rotated in all the departments. 2.4.1 COMMUNICATION SKILLS ACQUIREDI acquired communication skills using various communication channels, I learnt how to write official letters, send and receive emails, communicate well with the managers, others employees and the clients who came to try for our services. I also learned how to communicate with different kinds of people like the clients of the organizations, customers and management staff using the appropriate approaches. I learned how to communicate through memoranda and ensuring that it is address specifically to the right group having simple language to be easily understood generally. 2.4.2 SOCIAL SKILLS ACQUIRED.I learned how to interact well with the employees of the organization. This was beneficial because i was able to work with them well due to the social skills applied. I also worked hand in hand with the management team and was also able to interact well with the other trainees.2.4.3 MULTI-TASKINGExposure to working in different departments and handling clients with different needs enabled me to gain experience in multi-tasking and therefore was equipped with capability of handling different tasks performed in different departments effectively 2.4.4 CONFIDENTIALITY AND trade ETHICS I gained skills of desertion and business ethics which is vital because most of managerial fun ctions must be kept confidential and I was trained on the need to observe ethics and never to light upon information to any unauthorized person and to keep confidential information about any function in the organization at all times. 2.4.5 ORGANIZING I also learned that managerial role requires high level of organization of the resources, functions and time. Through the attachment I was able to gain this skills as the organization has a very strong focus on how the employees organizes their daily activities and utilizes resources allocated to them.2.4.6 CORDINATION During my internship, I gained skills on how the employees should coordinate in order to accomplish their assigned tasks. I also learnt that all the functions within the organization in order to achieve the mission and overall objective of the organization. 2.4.7 MANAGEMENT OF RECORDS I learnt the skills on how to properly manage company records during my attachment in all the departments of the organization. How to stor e files safely and protect them against access by unauthorized persons, arrange the properly in the cabinets Employees are handled in a professional manner embracing dignity and respect. 2.4.8 WORK SKILLS ACQUIRED I learned to prioritize work by organizing my working time table. This enabled me to apply management by objective principal.2.5 OBSERVATIONS AND CRITIQUEFor the duration that I have been attached at Agriquip Agencies (EA) Ltd I was able to make several observations for which I liked some and other I did not like 2.5.1 OBSERVATIONSOpen communication The organization has adopted an open communication policy.During my attachment, I observed that the management encouraged open communication between the managers and their juniors as well as the trainees. This created room for the trainees and junior staff members to express their ideas freely without fear so created room for creativity and innovation. Good relationship between employer and employee The firm maintains a good employer /employee relationship. All the employees of the organization are accustomed fair treatment irrespective of the positions they hold. The managers were willing to interpret the policies and guide their juniors and trainees in the writ of execution of the strategies set to achieve the desired results.Management commitment to motivate employees The management had a commitment for propel their staff members. I observed that all the workers in the organization were very committed to their work and demand minimum supervision. The level of motivation was high and therefore created room for innovation, trust and cohesiveness which leads to efficiency and forcefulness of the organization. Embraced change On the other hand I observed that both management and employees were very conjunct to change this was due to high level of trust and open communication the management was able to communicate to their employees of any planned change before implementing which translated to les s resistance. Employee willingness to teach the new trainees as a result of high commitment by the employees to their tasks and trust between the employees and the employer, the interns were not viewed as threat to the already real employees and therefore they were willing to train and 13guide them in their internship. The work I was assigned sincerely yours allowed creativity and innovation in that I was expected to come up with new ideas and ways of effectively managing the resources of the organization in order to meet the targets and increase the efficiency of the organization. I liked the way the organization cared for the social needs of their employees. 2.5.2 CRITIQUES/DISLIKES ABOUT THE ORGANIZATIONSome departments operations are not computerized and therefore it takes long time to acquire information that is necessary for quality decision making. The organization lacks proper progression path which discourages the employees from furthering their training since there is n o rewards expectedafter undergoing the training. The other deficient area that I found wanting is that of recruitment and involvement. The organization does not have employment policies and therefore their employees does not fully understand the criteria used. I observed that organizations do not give much emphasis on the course a student is taking, but they prefer students who have basic education and they proceed to nurture them based on their judgment on how one is performing. There is delay in replenishing some products/stocks which have high demands which causes the organization to lose their customers to their competitors. Some suppliers take too long to supply the products. Lack of co-ordination between the purchasing, imports and stores departments hinders the organization from achieving their objectives. The organization has not fully embraced new technological advancement in several departments. This in itself is a about-face as technology is known to improving efficienc y and less paper work. As an organization that imports products from many parts of the world, I found that their ICT systems are wanting. The organization has not invested in research and development which is a powerful tool for enhancing their productivity and competitiveness.2.6 STRATEGY FOR UTILIZING OF CONTACTS ESTABLISHED DURING ATTACHMENT During my attachment period at Agriquip Agencies (EA) Ltd I established good contacts, and still keep in touch with them and any time I require information pertaining to particular bowl am assured that I will have someone whom I can consult. I intend to seek employment opportunities for myself and also my fellow students. In todays market economy job is only allocated and accessed by those who are networked well or known well. These contacts will also be of great help in securing employment opportunities in future in the field of management. I will also use the established contacts as referees to recommend me in getting employment in the fut ure. SECTION THREE3.1 SUMMARYThe industrial attachment was conducted at Agriquip agencies (EA) LTD from 17th December, 2013 to 08th February, 2014. During the attachment I rotatedin all the departments within the organization i.e. Administration, imports, purchasing, sale and stores departments as an imports clerk/ supervisor. I learnt various functions of all the above departments and equipped me with knowledge and skills on how to effectively perform duties of these functions. The theoretical knowledge I learnt in class helped me to have a better understand on how to carry out the relevant functions. Some specific activities undertaken needs to be taken seriously by any person assigned to perform them because they can heavily impact on the performance of the organization. These functions includes, Purchasing of products, these should be done by competent military force who have thorough knowledge of procurement procedures as well as good negotiation skills. Sales, This function s hould be done carefully as the personnel assigned should have good marketing skills and able to do proper marketing mix in order to satisfy the needs of the Customers failure to which the organization can be affected negatively by becoming the target for competition. Imports, the personnel allocated this function must be having good analysis skill, should have capabilities to analyze the external environment in order to determine the economic situation , understand the inflation rates, rates of exchange as well as effects of the economies of scale.Accounts, The personnel allocated to this department should be able to produce reports in time and accurately to enable the management to determine the profitability position as well as decide on the course for action. 3.2 CONCLUSIONI sincerely wish to appreciate the management of Agriquip Agencies(EA) LTD for the opportunity they gave to me to pursue my industrial attachment in their organization and also for assistance they accorded to m e and being always ready to let me learn from them . The experience gained in the course of my attachment is very important in securing me an opportunity in the job market. I highly encourage the idea of industrial attachment and recommend that the students be supported and given maximum guidance to ensure that they are able to exercise their practical skills that are fundamental in building their career. My eight weeks in Agriquip Agencies (EA) LTD have had a great impact to my career development. I give thanks the management of TheKenya Institute of Management for creating an opportunity for their students to undergo an industrial attachment that enables them to acquire practical skills in their field of training. The attachment has also enabled me as a management trainee to identify the areas of weaknesses within the organization and recommended to the management on the best course of actions to improve on their performance. 3.3 RECOMMENDATIONSAgriquip Agencies (EA) Ltd should i mprove its technological infrastructure by providing more computerized systems enabled with internet to the various departments to facilitate e-commerce. Departments whose operations are not computerized to be computerized in order to improve on the service delivery and enhance their propitiation to their customers.To find alternative suppliers for their products in order to ensure products are always available for their customers. Since some of the current suppliers take long periods to supply the ordered products they should seek alternative sources of supplies and create good relationships with suppliers to ensure steady supply of goods. Formulate employment policies. The organization to articulate employment policies that will govern their recruitment procedures, staff appraisal, reward systems, growth and development of the employees among others Investing on research and development. The organization should consider investing on research in order to be able to understand the market treads, the customer needs, the level of competition. The need to develop new products that are suitable for satisfaction of their customer desires. The management of the Kenya institute of management to explore ways of partnering with the private sector investors and the Government to ensure that their students are able to secure attachments opportunities and employment placements on completion of their training.

One Day on the River Essay Example for Free

One Day on the River EssayElijah has grander and more dangerous dreams. Having been largely acculturated by a residential school upbringing before escaping into the forest to live with Xavier and Niska, he has acquired the dubious skills of public dealing and boastfulness as much as the crafts of the hunter. His English, learned from the nuns, is impeccable, and he makes his mark among the men in the trenches as much by the flash of his storytelling as by his murderous midnight prowls in no mans land. Graduall(a)y Elijah becomes imprisoned by two great fixations a need for morphine, whose use is rampant up and nap the lines, and an insatiable hunger for killing. Some French soldiers suggest that if he really wants to gain pry for all his kills, he should scalp his victims as evidence. He decides to do so, much to Xaviers disgust.In contrast to the exploits of Xavier and Elijah, Boyden interweaves the story of Niska, told as she paddles her wounded nephew back home after the war is over. Niska is part of the sad however admirable remnant of traditional natives who refused to enter the reserves in the 19th century, choosing instead to live by their wits and traditional teachings in the woods.Subject to what modern medicine would call epileptic seizures, Niska is deemed by her commonwealth to have inherited her fathers skills as a shaman and a windigo-killer. Since windigos manifest themselves in humans who have practiced cannibalism, getting rid of them involves what white society would call murder, and indeed Niskas father was executed as a murderer by the white courts. The constant crossing of the virtuous lines between the worldviews of native and white society is one of the many strengths of this fascinating novel.At one point, hunkered down in his snipers nest, Xavier indulges himself (and the reader) in a contemplation on the number three, which he sees as an obsession of his white commanders. Theres the front line, the support line, and the res erve line, for starters. Theres the infantry, the cavalry, and the artillery. Off the battlefield, in that locations food, then rest, then women. In church, theres the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost. Not to mention the credulity about lighting three cigarettes with one match, a prime metaphor for courting danger in the Great War. But then Xavier suddenly remembers Niskas traditional teaching, that those who are dying must qualifying the three-day road to death, and he wonders if we share something, some magic. Maybe it will help me get through all this.The real war hero, Peggy, makes a brief cameo appearance in the novel, which may not have been a wise choice on the authors part. The characters of Xavier and Niska and, to a slightly lesser extent, Elijah are wax to the brim with life theyre quite satisfying and believable as they are, and need no besides stamp of authentication.

Elementary Education Essay Example for Free

round-eyed Education EssayReading Comprehension -The student uses a variety of strategies to comprehend grade take aim text Strand Reading Process Listening and Speaking The student effectively applies listening and oral presentation strategies. Informative The student develops and demonstrates technical writing that provides information related to real-world t have a bun in the ovens. Benchmark LA. 2. 1. 7. 3. The student lead reiterate information in text, including but not limited to of import idea, supporting details, and connections between texts LA. 2. 5. 2. 4. The student volition listen politely to oral presentations by enlightenmates.LA. 2. 3. 1. 1. The student will pre keep open by generating ideas from multiple sources (e. g. , text, brainstorming, webbing, drawing, writers notebook, group discussion, other activities) LA. 4. 4. 2. 5. The student will write simple directions to familiar locations using cardinal directions, landmarks, and distances, and piss an accompanying map. Grade Level Grade 2 Objectives 1. Using the book The cornet of the Swan, the screen will understand the main idea of the story by drill, listening and students discussion.2. Basing on the journals of Louis in the Trumpet of the Swan, the class will come up with their very hold journal writing. 3. Using the given information in the book The Trumpet of the Swan, the class will leave a map of the main characters travels and adventures. Activities Before get a lineing 1. Ask the class if they know what a journal is and if they have ever written one. 2. Tell the class you are going to read them a story entitle The Trumpet of the Swan. During reading 3. Read the Trumpet of the Swan.4. order a map of Canada and point important spots that are mentioned in the Trumpet of the Swan. 5. Show a sample journal and explain how to write and what to write. After reading 6. Ask the class to read Sams poem and summarize the text and identify the main idea of the poem (Readi ng). 7. Ask the class to write a journal about nature (Writing). 8. Have the class make a map of Louis travels and adventures including every(prenominal) the important spots in Canada, Montana and the Northeast (Visually Representing). 9.Have the class discuss the book by having them share their favorite affair and ask questions like the pursuit How to behave in the woods if you command to appreciate nature, what are their stand on the ethics of Louis father, why is there a need for Serena to perk up the beautiful song of her mate, does anyone identify with Applegate Skinner? Or have someone recite a part of Sams poem (Talking/Speaking). 10. Ask the class to listen when a classmate recites a poem and identify the main idea of the poem (Listening).Assessment of Writing Development The 2 ways of rateing a students writing cultivation are Rubrics and Portfolio assessment. ? Rubrics are tools teachers and students use to evaluate and classify writing, whether individual pieces or portfolios. They identify and articulate what is existence evaluated in the writing, and offer descriptors to classify writing into certain categories (1-5, for instance, or A-F). Narrative rubrics and chart rubrics are the cardinal most common forms (UNLFLWI, 2008).? Portfolio assessment is the collection of students work over time reflecting their progress, efforts and achievements and teachers based it on the following items students Projects, surveys, reports and units from reading and writing Favorite poems, songs, letters, and comments, Interesting thoughts to remember, Finished samples that illustrate wide writing, Examples of writing across the curriculum, books extensions, Student record of books read and attempted, Audio tape of reading, Writing responses to literary components, Writing that shows growth in usage of traits, Samples in which ideas are modified from first draft to final product, Unedited first draft, revise first draft, Evidence of effort, Self-evaluatio ns, Writing that illustrates evidence of topic generation (Hurst, 2009). Assessment of Grammar Skills You can informally assess childrens grammar skills by? Reviewing childrens work on relevant pages in their Student Books, handwriting sentences they copied during Daily Routines, and especially their own independent Quick Writing. ? Another method is by formal graded assessments such as quizzes, selected readiness activities, and in-class tests (Porter and vanDommelen, 2005). Assessment of Spelling Skills The two ways of assessing the students spell skills are observation and analysis of the work samples. ? card can be done in the classroom by observing the students as they write and as they try to use watchwords that are beyond their ability level. It is important that observation be supplemented later with the students work samples and it should be done in a systematic way.? Analysis of the work samples is an assessment of students spelling ability from examination of samples of their unaided writing (Westwood, 2008). These samples can be taken from students exercise books, test papers, and language arts portfolios (Fiderer as cited in Westwood, 2008). THE SPELLING PATTERNS 1. Blends are 2 or 3 letters feature to form a distinct spelling skilful. Examples are -br- in brown and break and -fr- in barbarian and freeze 2. Digraph A group of two successive letters whose phonetic value is a single sound. For example, EA in BREAD, CH in CHAT, or NG in SING. 3. Diphthong the union of two vowels, pronounced by a single impulse of the voice as, ea in beat, ou in sound. 4.R-controlled vowels When a vowel is followed by an r, it makes a special sound. These are called r-controlled vowels, or r-colored vowels. Examples are /ar/ sound as in car, /er/ sound as in butter. 5. Long vowel a sound which is the same as, or very connatural to the letter name of one of the vowels. Examples are /a/ as in gate, /e/ as in need. 6. Short vowel Are vowels of shorter duration. Examples are short /a/ as in bat, short /e/ as in bet. 7. Contraction is a word made up from a verb and another word where an apostrophe takes the place of any letters that are left out. It can be positive contraction or negative contraction. Examples are arent are not and heres here is. CUING SYSTEM 1.Semantics the study of the development and changes of the meanings of speech forms. Semantics is likewise a study of the process by which meaning is derived from symbols, signs, text, and other meaning-bearing forms. 2. Syntax the conventions and rules for assembling words into pregnant sentences syntax varies across languages. 3. Graphophonic Refers to the sound relationship between the orthography (symbols) and phonology (sounds) of a language. 4. Phonological cognizance The understanding that speech is composed of sub-parts sentences are comprised of words, words are comprised of syllables, syllables are comprised of onsets and rimes, and can be bring forward broken dow n to phonemes. Cuing StrategiesUsed by effective readers to figure out unfamiliar words and to make meaning, cuing strategies include knowledge of syntax, semantics, words and word meaning, and graphophonics (letter/sound associations). teachers can guide students to use cuing strategies by reminding them to ask themselves, did it sound right? Did it make sense? Did the word look right? (Teacher Resources, 2002).References Advice for Teachers Assessing Student Writing. UNL FLWI. 2008. 03 Apr. 2009 http//flwi. unl. edu/advice/studentwriting. htmlsuggestions. Porter, Patricia, and Deborah VanDommelen. integrate Assessment with Grammar-for-Writing Instruction. CATESOL California Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages. 2005. 03 Apr. 2009 http//www. catesol. org/Porter_vanDommelen. pdf. Hurst, Carol Otis. Portfolio Assessment in the Reading-Writing Classroom. Carol Hursts Childrens Literature berth Reviews and teaching ideas for kids books. 03 Apr. 2009 http//www. caro lhurst. com/profsubjects/portfolioassess. html. Westwood, Peter. What Teachers Need to Know about Spelling. Aust Council for Ed Research, 2008. Teaching Reading Lens on Literacy. Teacher Professional Development and Teacher Resources by Annenberg Media. 2002. http//www. learner. org/libraries/readingk2/front/otherterms. html.