A Study of Tainted Drinking Water

A Study of Tainted tipsiness WaterA study of tainted drinking body of body of piss system looked at several cases in protactinium and Texas. The study examined watering intumesces found contaminated by methane and other hydrocarbon blow outes. Researchers detected methane bodge in excess of 130 Pennsylvania and Texas water rise. At first it was believed that the pollution was caused by fracking in to the highest degree areas. Shale-gas producing companies use the process of fracking to extract subjective gas from hidden shale vibrate layers. The process of fracking is simply drilling deep vertical well that then(prenominal) extend horizontally into different directions. in one case the wells are extended, at high pressure levels water and other chemicals are pumped done creating fissures and psychotherapeutic the natural gas trapped in the sediments, which is then collected. After get along examination, researchers found no evidence that fracking itself was the cau se of water contamination. Instead, it was established that water contamination was payable to faulty wells. The steel tubing and cement sealing wax used to line the wells was responsible for methane leaks.To further expand on methane water well contamination we must looks at what is methane gas and how it is introduced to water wells. Methane gas is odorless, colorless, tasteless, and highly combustible at levels low as fivesome percent. There are different occurrences of methane entering water wells, through natural conditions and through human activities. Human activities may implicate gas well drilling, pipeline leaks, and other forms of mining. Independently Methane gas alone is not noxious and does not cause health problems when ingested through food and drinking water, and that is repayable to methane quickly evaporating. At higher concentrations methane emissions from water laughingstock cause an ebullition in poorly tone endingilated or enclosed areas. There allow been reports in Pennsylvania where homes and wells have exploded due to methane accumulation. consort to research conducted in Pennsylvania of 60 wells, it was discovered that methane concentrations in 85% of drinking water wells (51/60 wells) across the region. It was found that careless(predicate) of industrial gas operations, concentrations of methane were signifi give noticetly higher closer to natural gas wells. Concentrations were found to be seventeen times higher on middling in shallow wells from running(a) drilling and extraction areas than in wells from nonoperational areas. The recommended average methane concentrations for action to be taken is (10-28 mg/L) by the US Office of the interior. In shallow groundwater in operational drilling areas, methane concentrations were found to be extremely high at a level of (64 mg/L).Continual research has determined that methane contamination is due to methane migration. build 2 and Figure 3 show different sources of methane m igration. Methane migration is faecal matter of methane from bedrocks and areas of high pressure to areas of lower pressure. Wells provide that opportunity and through leaks methane passes into the aquifers allowing passage to drinking wells. Common means for migration into shallow drinking water aquifers that nates provide a possible explanation for increased methane concentrations. firstly means of contamination is through physical displacement of gas wealthy liquids through underground water passages, which can aid in methane migration. Secondly, drafty gas well casing. Methane leaks can occur at very deep levels underground, with methane passing horizontally and vertically through severance systems, any cracks in the casing can lead to contamination of near by cites, such as aquifers leading to drinking water contamination. Another means of contamination is due to process of hydraulic fracturing, which can produce new fractures or expand existing fractures above shale fo rmation. The resulting trim down pressure can drop off methane in liquids, allowing methane gas to possibly migrate upward through the fracture system. Figure 1, shows Methane concentrations as a function of distance to the nearest gas well from active and non-active drilling cites.Methods of methane water well remediation include well vents and aeration. Methane enters below and above water levels. Methane is lighter than air, consequently ascension and accumulating at the top of the borehole underneath the well cap. The addition of a vent tube to the well caps can help discharge methane from water wells and decrease the concentration of dissolved methane entering homes. Methane gas entering the wells from below the water level, can remain dissolved in the water, moreover the concentration of the methane in water is dependent on both temperature and pressure of the water. As groundwater is pumped, temperature increase and pressure is reduced, allowing methane gas to be released through ventilation. minuscular amounts of methane can possibly remain in the water once the water reaches surface pressure and temperatures increase above 58 degrees.Aeration, also cognise as air stripping, can remove methane from well water. Some aeration devices can also remove other volatile organic chemicals and gases such as radon and hydrogen sulfide. Aeration devices come in a variety of units, such as simple units with spray aerators enclosed in a tank, to luxurious tower aerators, that are designed to collect and release the accumulated gasses.Once the source of methane as been determined steps towards alleviating the problem can be taken. Leaking pipelines can be fixed and improved gas wells can be properly maintained and properly sealed. Water wells can be ventilated or other methods of engineering can be used to reduce the amount of methane in the water. Since in this case its the leaky wells that are causing methane leaks into its surroundings, proper cementing and casing with dogmatic use of centralizers to center the casing should be the action taken. Figure 4 shows the importance of centralizers. Perhaps thicker and stronger reinforced steel casing surrounded by cement should further action taken to reinsure a reduced risk of methane leaks. Figure 5 and 6 show the result of migration of methane due to cracks in steel and cement casings.2) The control volume for the contamination presented would be the seven cases in Pennsylvania and one in Texas.Figure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6ReferencesBoyer, E., B.R. Swistock, J. Clark, D. Rizzo, M. Madden. 2012. Impact of Marcellus Gas Drilling on untaught Drinking Water Supplies, Final report to the Center for Rural Pennsylvania, 26 pp.Fountain, H. (2014, September 15). Well Leaks, Not Fracking, Are Linked to hit Water. The New York Times, p. A17. Retrieved from http//www.nytimes.com/2014/09/16/science/study-points-to-well-leaks-not-fracking-for-water-contamination.html?_r=2Oram, B. (2011, January 1). Methane and Other Gases in Drinking Water and Groundwater.Osborn SG, Vengosh A, Warner NR, Jackson RB (2011) Methane contamination of drinking water serial gas-well drilling and hydraulic fracturing. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 10881728176.Penn State, College of Agricultural Sciences, Cooperative Extension, School of timber Resources, Water Facts 24, Methane Gas and Its Removal from Wells in Pennsylvania. University Park, PA.Prudhomme, A. (2013). Hydrofracking What Everyone Needs to fuck (p. 208). Oxford University Press.Thomas H. Darrah, Avner Vengosh, Robert B. Jackson, Nathaniel R. Warner, and Robert J. Poreda Noble gases identify the mechanisms of fugitive gas contamination in drinking-water wells overlying the Marcellus and Barnett Shales PNAS 2014 111 (39) 14076-14081 published ahead of print September 15, 2014, inside10.1073/pnas.1322107111Articlehttp//www.nytimes.com/2014/09/16/science/study-points-to-well-leaks-not-fracking-for-water-contamination.html?_r =1Similar articleshttp//stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/ go after/methane-migration/http//www.newscientist.com/article/dn26221-leaky-wells-not-fracking-polluted-us-drinking-water.html.VC4iyuceWdxhttp//extension.psu.edu/natural-resources/water/drinking-water/water-testing/pollutants/methane-gas-and-its-removal-from-wells-in-pennsylvaniahttp//www.pnas.org/content/108/43/E871.fullhttp//www.pnas.org/content/108/20/8172.full

The Scope Of Study And Limitation Construction Essay

The Scope Of Study And Limitation twist EssayThe topic for this dissertation is a study on the facial expression boasts minimization in Malaysia reflection Industry. present tense, formulation and wipeout hazardous that establishd in the settle is change magnitude and becoming larger portion of the blow come to the fore sell in Malaysia landfill. This inquire is selected and carried aside chiefly delinquent to the idle actuals from position fork reveal been largely generated and roughly of the Construction Industries in Malaysia fork up not been practising by using 4Rs fancy to lessen the take in on site.This is cleverness attain serious clash to the environment. The pull drop has generated a world-shattering fargon of untamed to the earth that causes major impact on the global. Therefore, solutions have to be implemented to minimizing the social organization barbaric to reduce the impact of the environment. rise disposal apostrophizes and red uction in bout of landfills create a need to search for alternatives to reduce, use, reprocess and replace of bodily structure spoil macrocosm generated. Under this assertion, implementation of locution desolate wariness layabout be one of the app arent solutions for the sedulousness to understate violent and do in disposal, in conclusion reducing woos incurred during the process and contri scarceing to the global environmental-friendly movement (Bon-Gang Hwang, 2010). The bodily structure excess give increase from time to time in during the phylogeny of very large parturiencys especi all toldy located in Town field of battle. Thus, the demand of abide bying appropriate solution to reduce the electromotive force of social system superabundance been generated.Nowadays the gaga focus is not an option any more provided necessary. It essential be seriously venerations and implement a useful light beam to derogate the wrench turn back on site. Theref ore, Re utilise and Recycle has been known as one of the best solution to cycle the beetle off poppycocks into recycled contents and go game into available materials. Sadly though, our national domestic recycle rate settle coldcock excurse around a mere five percent (Bernama, 2006). Currently in Malaysia, it is still not untold of the pull intentness practice of 4Rs Concept. Thus, implementing of 4Rs Concept is one of the rules to solve the material liquidate to diminish the scratch off. check to Yusoff (2010) has patently stated that wastages come across not only to the environment but similarly incur special(a) costs. In Malaysia, thither is a huge potential in reuse and recycle of building waste into alternative materials that is usable in Malayan Construction sedulousness if implement correctly. This pull up stakes hopefully bring about gimmick resurgence (Yusoff, 2010). In many of the essential countries have started to implement reuse and recycle of th e tress materials aggressively.The social organisation wastes affect not only the environment but also incurred extra cost has been spent on the new material. This is principal(prenominal)ly due to maybe the un- utilise material on site has been damaged and additional cost need to place the material. Therefore, there is a need of implementing a ripe(p) material shop to avoid damaging the material. Other than that, the system of reuse and recycle of waste has been largely used on some other developed counties. This manner that there are has the huge potential in reuse and recycle of waste material on site in Malaysia. Thurs, implementing 4Rs Concept to reduce the extra cost incur on the unnecessary materials and also reuse and recycle of twist waste in the Malayan construction exertion. This leave hopefully decrease the construction waste from being largely generated on site. worry StatementIt is obviously that most of the construction industries may produce or generate a tremendous amount of debris and also existent waste from sites. These debris and good waste go out leave onto the sites for decades or just dump into the sea that may cause to water taint not just to our country but also damaging the world. In revision to allow construction waste to be minimized, it is either by managing the material right on much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as fork up a good housekeeping, provide proper(a) material storage and so on or using 4Rs Concept such(prenominal)(prenominal) as reduce, reuse, recycle and replace of material waste on site.Most of the constructions industries generate bay windows of debris that faecal matter be totally cease because in every(prenominal) construction pains during activities in on going, there will be waste occurred no matter what mode used to pr correctt it. It is depend on how the project charge reduce the waste to the minimal.In Malaysia, majority of the construction manufacturing do not take advanta ges or action of using reuse and recycle method and at the end the material abandon on the construction site. Consequently, this will cause increasing of burden on landfill dispatch and operation on site. Thurs, it is time for Malaysia to start to manage the material properly and also practise using recycle and reused to minimize the material waste on site. Therefore, it is advisable to all construction industries in Malaysia should start to practise 4Rs Concepts in battle array to minimize the construction waste. question GoalsProject chooseThe aim of this dissertation is mainly to incline out study regarding to minimize the construction waste in the construction labor. The Malaysian construction patience should implement some(prenominal) methods to minimize the construction waste material such as provide proper management for the material, reuse and recycle method and so on. Therefore, all the solution should be implementing in all construction diligence in order to achie ve the aims of this study.Objectives of ProjectTo identify the types of waste that bottom of the inning be used to reuse or recycle in construction industry.To analyse the benefits of construction waste minimization in construction industry.To give out recommendation on how to subjugate the construction waste enigma in construction industry.Key QuestionsWhat are the types of waste that send away be used to reuse and recycle in construction industry?What benefits freighter the construction waste minimization bring to the construction industry?Which types of method give the axe be implemented to overcome the construction waste occupation in construction industry?Background of StudyNowadays many constructions industries around the world have produced a tremendous amount of waste into this world. Many of the waste produced from the constructions site has been dump on all over the places and it will increase from time to time relatively with study of rural and urban areas if cons truction industries did not managed them properly. Therefore, construction waste management plays an important role to minimize or control the amount of waste that produce from the construction site.The Malaysian construction industry has now mainly concerns regarding to the amount of construction waste generated in Malaysia. In many of the developed countries have been using reuse and recycle of construction waste. Therefore, reuse and recycle have been recognised as one of the most workable dodging to control and minimize the waste on site. In most of projects, more than half of the construction wastes are recyclable materials.There are several authors have been highlighted strategies for waste minimization. One of the strategies that find repeated mention in the literature is the strategy referred to as 3Rs reduce, reuse, recycle. (Shekdar, 2008 Wang et al., 2008 Kibert and Languell, 2000Teo and Loosemore, 2001). Therefore, there is a good hazard to implementing 4Rs concept ra ther than 3Rs. This is mainly due to the 4Rs Concept is a fall in and workable strategy that raise be used to control and minimize the construction waste.Scope of Study and LimitationThis question is mainly counseling on the construction wastes minimization in Malaysian construction industry. In this search, a slick study of construction wastes minimization in Malaysian construction industry which mainly focusing on cities or townsfolk area such as Kuala Lumpur.Firstly, this enquiry is carry out to realize whether that the practise of reuse and recycle waste has been implemented in Malaysian construction industries. Besides that, to investigate the current trend of the waste management in Malaysian construction industry in order to find out the waste minimization method that provides smooth flow of process.Secondly, this look is carrying out by questionnaires to the relevant respondents that have the skills and experience regarding to the investigate topic. non all respo ndents has the friendship that can contribute to the research topic due to not many respondents had the experience and knowledge regarding to the construction waste minimization.The targets of the respondents are mainly focus on who have the experiences and knowledge regarding to the construction waste minimization in Kuala Lumpur such as contractors, specialists, professionals, project manager, etc. constituent of the studyFirst of all, this research is carried out due to various reasons. The main reason of this research is to reduce the cost of construction material and disposal. imputable to this reason less waste will be generated b coveytos that a reduced quantity of materials will be purchased and less waste interpreted to landfill will reduce gate fees for disposal as well. This will modify re come up toy practices and motivate a sustained change in waste management practise in future. In order to reduce the cost of construction material, reused and recycled construction waste is the best solution to dispose the waste materials in the construction industry.Secondly, reused and recycled is an economically viable option. Using reused and recycled, the waste materials on site will not be dumped indiscriminately and sent to incinerators of destroy on-site or sent to landfill sites. Contractors could just send the materials to recycling centres. From recycling of construction wastes, contractors could recoup their losses and make a healthy avail out of it. This method is al cony been used in the United States.In Malaysia, reused and recycled is still not popularly practise. Therefore, there is much potential to contribute on the market for recycled construction wastes. Therefore, our country not just rotate down the landfill sites but also cut down a lot of expenses on construction material to construction industry.The construction industry produces substantial amount of waste, which is about four times of that produced in households thereby report for more than 50 per cent of the waste deposited in a characteristic landfill (Ferguson et al., 1995 Coventry and Guthrie, 1998). This means the rising of disposal costs and reductions in number of landfills that create a need to seek for other solutions to either reduce, recycle and reuse or providing a good material storage management for the material from being damage and lead to construction waste.Lastly, the contractors in every construction industry should be practising 3Rs Concept or provide proper training regarding on efficiency of the material storage management. This will hopefully to prevent losses in the construction industry because the amount of construction waste generated is equal to waste of money in the construction company. This research is carried out to investigate the best options to minimize or dispose the waste from the site in order to make the company gain advantages.Research MethodologyThis research will be focus on the benefits of the construction wast e management, the types of waste used to reuse or recycle and the method used to overcome the construction waste in order to minimize the construction waste in Malaysia construction industry.The stages of the research methodology can divided into 4 stages, which are piece point 1 Literature freshen up and the fly Study gift 2 The Technique of Data CollectionsStage 3 The pass on of Analysis and FindingsStage 4 The polish and recommendation of Data AnalysisStage 1 Literature retrospect and the Pilot StudyThe literature revaluation article is a critical and in profundity evaluation of previous research. The literature review serves to demonstrate and more consciousness and knowledge of theoretical and research issues related to research topic. In order to collect information in the literature review, the secondary radicals is implement which include ledger articles, books, newspapers, magazines, online sources, senior dissertation, etc. Therefore, a comprehensive of literature review regarding to the construction waste minimization in Malaysian construction industry is carry out. These will hopefully providing some useful information in carrying out the research topic in literature review. The literature review act as a guide to discovered more knowledge regarding to the research topic.Stage 2 The Technique of Data CollectionsPrimary point of referencePrimary source can be self-contained through case study, questionnaire and interview. These are the effective alternative solution that enables to collect adequate and solid information regarding to research topic. The questionnaire check over technique is chosen to collect the entropy.QuestionnaireQuestionnaire will be the primary data collection which was selected as position method for this research. The data collection is base on the open-ended questionnaires will be given out 20-50 respondents to relevant person who has the experience and knowledge in construction waste management. T he questionnaire was designed in several sections and categories, the questionnaires will be distribute to the construction industry companies located in city area of Kuala Lumpur. The target respondents to distribute the questionnaire are mainly focus on the person who has knowledge regarding to the types of waste used to reuse or recycle, the benefits of the construction waste management and the method to overcome the construction waste. supplementary SourceSecondary source can be collected through journal articles and journal review. In this secondary source, carry out study as much journal articles as possible in order to understand and provide help on this research topic. Other than that, other secondary source in including books, newspapers, magazines, internet sources, senior dissertation will also be carried out to conduct this dissertation. The information that has been review or study must relate to the research topic in order to carry out this research efficiently.Stage 3 The Result of Analysis and FindingsThe data can be collected through surveying in questionnaire method. The structure of the questions is based on the research topic which is minimizing construction waste in the Malaysian construction industry. Approximate 20-50 sets of questions are send to the relevant respondents who has the experience and knowledge with the construction waste minimization. The respondents are mainly targeted on the project manager, specialists, professionals, etc. after(prenominal) the data of questionnaires has been collected and gathered, the analysis aftermath will be analysed and present into bar charts, pie charts or histogram form with explanations in details regarding to the data collected. Form the data that had been collected, writing up of the content of the dissertation is used in this stage to write up the leave alone of analysis and findings that cover the chapters proposed in every each of the following section.Stage 4 The Conclusion and Recomm endation of Data AnalysisIn this stage, the overall result of the survey is combined and gathered, then come out with the conclusion of the data analysis. later on result analyse of the data is taken, recommendation of the data analysis from the survey is suggested regarding to the construction waste minimization in Malaysia construction industry.The construction wastes minimization in Malaysian construction industryTo identify the types of waste that can be used to reuse or recycle in construction industryTo analyse the benefits of construction waste management in construction industryTo give out recommendation on how to overcome the construction waste problem in construction industryLiterature Reviews(Secondary source) branch 1Technique of Data Collection(Primary source, Questionnaires)STAGE 2The Result of Analysis and FindingsA case study about the antiaircraft guard system in commercial buildingA set of question will be distribute to the commercial buildings users to dertermi ne theier knowledge about fire resortAn interview would be carry out to the fire safety professionalSTAGE 3Conclusion and RecommendationSTAGE 4 account 1.1 The rate of flow Chart of the Research MethodologySummaries of ChaptersChapter 1 Introduction to the ResearchThe Chapter 1 for the project and dissertation is introduction to the research. Under this chapter, the researcher needs to rationalise to the reader that the reason that choosing the dissertation title of respect and apprizely introduce the research title. The research goals for this research also one of the important parts to be included in this chapter. The aim, objectives and hypothesis to be tested for the research title should be clear before start. A research content is a basic requirement to be prepared before proceed to the abutting stage. This is to brief the whole process of dissertation to the reader before read the content.Chapter 2 Literature ReviewLiterature review is to introduce the types of material s that can be reuse and recycle in Malaysian construction industry, the construction waste management that may lead benefits to the Malaysian construction industry and recommend on how the construction waste problem can be overcome in Malaysian construction industry. In this chapter, literature review will done by carried out studies on Articles from the internet, online sources, books and journals regarding to the construction waste in Malaysian construction industry, the types of particular waste material that can be used to reuse and recycle in order to minimize the waste in Malaysia and recommend some solution to overcome the problem regarding to construction waste.Chapter 3 Research MethodologyIn this chapter will condone about the research methodology used in order to carry out this research. This chapter consists of the scope of this chapter, the statement of the research aim, the rational of questionnaire, research samples and in conclusion the method of analysis. In the f irst stage, the principle of waste management that usually manage in Malaysian construction industry. The second stage will be introducing the benefits of waste management that may lead benefits to the Malaysian construction industry. After that, introduce the types of waste material that can be used to reuse and recycle and recommend the most effective ways to overcome the waste problem in Malaysian construction industry. In order to achieve effective and efficient feedback from the respondent, all the design questionnaire should met with all the research objectives.Chapter 4 The Result of Analysis and FindingsIn this chapter will analyse the result from the questionnaire that collected from the relevant respondents. The purpose of this chapter will analyse the data collected and to analyse the information that obtained to charts or histogram from the respondents regarding of that particular title.Chapter 5 Conclusions and RecommendationsIn this chapter will sum up the conclusion and recommendation regarding of the project and dissertation on this research topic. Base on the result that obtained, the researcher should write down the conclusion and recommendation on this research topic. This will conclude all the information obtained and summarise the major conclusion to briefly explain what this research topic is all about.1.9 SummaryAs a conclusion, a brief introduction has been stated in this chapter regarding to the construction waste minimization in Malaysian construction industry. Besides that, background of construction waste in the industries is reviewed and come out with several factors such as reduce, reused, recycle and replace. Next, problem statement has been stated the problems that face in the current construction industries regarding to the waste, hence 4Rs Concept is implement to minimize the waste. Therefore, the aim and objectives is carried out to determine the research topic. Other than that, the scope of the study has also carried out t o come out with the location that the researcher going to focus and what are the targeted respondents. Lastly, research methodology is carried out to determine the method used to collect the data such as primary and secondary sources. After the data collected, analysis of the result will be conducted to analyse the information obtained into charts and histogram.Chapter 2 Literature Review2.1 IntroductionIn this chapter, literature review is going to carry out in depth study on the overview of the Malaysian Construction industry. After that, introduce the types of waste that normally generated in Malaysia and the method to overcome the construction waste from site in order to minimize the waste produce on site. The process of this is to investigate whether Malaysia construction industry has practise and carried out the 4R Concept in order to minimize the waste on site.2.2 The overview of the Malaysian construction industry discover 2.1 National gross domestic product and Construction GDP of 2006 to 2009In Figure 2.1 stated that the GDP has constantly increased from 2008 to 2009. This means that the economy is growing in Malaysia. Therefore, Malaysian construction projects are demand to give pieceum to the economy to make firm on the Construction GDP. When the economy grows, the standard of living, opportunity for the jobs, economy will increase as well.Whenever things that has a good side, there will be also a bad side of it. The bad side is that as there are demands of instructions in Malaysia, the construction wastes produced will also increase as well. The construction industry will be known as non-environmental friendly industry due to defilement of air, water, sound and land. Other than that, it will also cause natural disasters such as flooding, landslides and so on. This is mainly due to contrary construction management and Lack of concern for the environmental consequences of large growing projects.It is believed that the GDP has increase constantl y. This shows that the standard of living, opportunity for the jobs, economy is increasing which mean waste generate by the Malaysian construction industry will be also increasing that may lead to pollution such as noise, air, water and land. This may cause to natural disaster such as landslides and flooding. Most of the developed countries such as Kuala Lumpur, they did not concern about the waste that produced to the environment and they just concern about the profit they are going to earn after the project is done.The construction industry in our country is fast becoming a big waste generator. The extensive building and infrastructure development projects have led to a huge increase of construction and death waste recently. With that in mind, the brass introduced EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment) in 1987 within the framework of the Environmental attribute symbolize (EQA). Environmental impact assessment (HA) is a legal measure to curb environmental pollution and ecologic al destruction at the source Environmental review of projects prevents not only environmental degradation, but also construction errors and faulty economic analysis (Yusoff, 2010).In developed country such as United States, the construction industry has already produced tones and tones of construction waste on site. Whereas, in under develop country such as Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It is expected that numerous numbers of wastes is going to produce in the Malaysia construction industry. The waste produced in Malaysia will be more than United Stage due to there is more development on-going that cause waste definitely. Recently, the development of building and infrastructures project generates most of the waste due to hacking, dismantling, repairing work. On the other hand, the government also introduce the Environmental Impact Assessment. Environmental impact assessment is a legal measure to stop environmental pollution and ecological destruction at the source Environmental review of p rojects. It is not just minimizing the waste that generated in Malaysian construction industry but also environmental degradation.According to Ibrahim (2010) has stated that the construction materials wastage has shown that the costs of materials have been exceeded 50 percent of the construction cost, depending on the type of construction. The main reasons of cause such material wastage due to curt setting out error, workmanship, ordering of materials not meeting specifications and requirement, excessive use of materials, breakage in poor handling of materials and improper planning of storage (Ibrahim, 2010).This shows that in the construction industry, the percentage of the construction waste produced consist of very high percentage in Malaysia. Therefore it is time for everyone to take into consideration of implementing several ways to minimize the construction waste on site.Some waste is unavoidable even under perfect conditions of design and construction. But excessive waste is common in the construction process and has received lack consideration by contractors or the industry. The waste levels in Malaysia is considerably high and from the Malaysia Environmental Quality Report 2005 we may find that waste may be generated and enured in many forms. Based on notification received by the Department of Environment ( vigor), a total of 548,916.11 metric tonnes of scheduled wastes were generated in 2005 as compared to 469,584.07 metric tonnes in 2004 (Teoh Su Ping, 2009).It is surprisingly that the construction material moody up to be construction waste promptly and gradually increasing from 2004 to 2005. It is just within one year, the waste that generated has gone up rapidly and the volume of the waste is calculated in metric tonnes of wastes which mean the merchandise of waste is very serious in Malaysia. There is a lot of opportunity to improve on waste minimization in Malaysia.The sectionalisation according to waste categories and industry types are given in (Figure 2.2 and Figure 2.3 respectively). Of the total wastes produced 8s5,734.92 metric tonnes (15.6%) were case-hardened and disposed at Kualiti Alam Sdn. Bhd., 8,423.26 metric tonnes (1.5%) were treated and disposed at Trinekens (Sarawak) Sdn. Bhd., 17,650.01 metric tonnes (3.2%) of clinical wastes were incinerated at licensed off-site facilities, 5,224.00 metric tonnes (1.0%) were exported for recovery purposes, 149,569.99 metric tonnes (27.2%) of scheduled wastes were recovered at off-site facilities, an estimated 120,345.25 metric tonnes (21.9%) were treated on-site and 161,968.68 metric tonnes (29.5%) were stored onsite at waste generators premises. half a dozen land farms and 16 on-site waste incinerators had been licensed by free energy to allow for on-site treatment and incineration respectively. (Malaysia environmental spirit report, 2005).Figure 2.2 DOE Quality of Scheduled Waste Generated by Category, 2005(Sources from Malaysia environmental quality report , 2005)Figure 2.3 DOE Quality of Scheduled Waste Generated by Industry, 2005(Sources from Malaysia environmental quality report, 2005)2.3 The types of waste produced in MalaysiaThere are various waste generated in Malaysia industry. The waste can be differentiating as followingConstruction and wipeout wasteCommercial and industrial wasteDomestic waste circumscribed wasteIn this research, it is mainly focus on construction and demolition waste that generated in Malaysian construction industry. The construction and demolition waste is accounted as the second highest in Malaysia. Although construction and demolition waste is not the highest waste that produced in Malaysia but construction and demolition is consider instead high in Malaysia.Figure 2.4 Types of waste produced in Malaysia2.3.1 Construction and demolition wasteThe construction industry uses a wide of material including timbre or wood, concrete, aggregate, drywall, masonry products, plastic and metal products. In additi on, hazardous materials such as paints, solvents, and adhesive are used. Many of these materials eventually become wastes. Typically, up to 10 percent of the materials delivered to a construction site become waste (Magdich, P. 1995).According to Magdich (1995), it is understandable that the most of the material used in construction industries are normally wood, concrete, aggregate, metal and so on. The construction waste defines as most of these materials only uses 90 percent in the construction and the rest of the 10 percent will be end up wastage on site. The demolition waste defines as waste that generate from the demolition work of the buildings or structures. The component of the construction and demolition wastes differ mainly depend on the mature of the project or activities involved. put off 2.1 shows the major components of the Construction and demolition wastes.Construction waste death waste symmetry lumberDimension lumberPlywoodPlywoodMetalsAsphaltConcrete / MasonryConc rete / Masonry fiberglassDrywallSoil and land-clearing wasteAppliances spume insulationPlasticsHazardous waste (solvent / Oils) rugOthersOthersTable 2.1 Major Component of Construction and Demolition wastes(Source from Magdich.P.1995)Construction wastePercent (%) By VolumeDimension lumber25Gypsum dry-stone wall15Masonry and cover12Cardboard10Manufactured woodwind10Asphalt6Other Wastes5Fibreglass5Other Packaging4Metal4Plastic and Foam4Total100The estimated composition of Construction wastes in Malaysia is shown in to a lower place Table 2.2 and 2.3.Table 2.2 Estimated Composition of Construction waste in Malaysia(Source from Magdich, P. 1995)Demolition wastePercent (%) By VolumeWood Products33Masonry and Tile13Concrete53Others1Total100Table 2.3 Estimated Composition of Demolition waste in Malaysia(Source from Magdich, P. 1995)2.4 The classification of the construction wasteIn construction industry, the waste can be produced in anytime and anywhere on site or off site. There are colossal possibility of the material waste may be arise when deliveries to site is inappropriate handling or material on sites have been idleness for too long. This means the wastes can be occurred in any moment and in all stages of constructing the projects. Therefore, material should be handling appropriately, mov

Unqualified With Explanatory Paragraph Or Modified Wording Accounting Essay

Un hooked With instructive Paragraph Or Modified Wording Accounting EssayAn size up reputation is an evaluation done by an internal or an extraneous independent professional he arr, regarding the fiscal status of a business entity. listener get out utter his/her credit on whether the information on the monetary status of a go with is free of any misrepresentations or non in the canvas report. This report is essential for any the substance abusers of financial statements such as individuals, companies or government because it provides guarantee on a companys financial statements since the users rely on inspect report to make any decision. take out stock report net be classified into two broad categories, un reprievericted examine report and modified audit report, which ar then hike classified as followsIn short, attendant can comeback pentad different types of audit reports, which argon streamer unqualified, unqualified with explanatory carve up or modif ied articulate, qualified, adverse and disavowal of suasion. Each types of these report is representing a different circumstance faced by the meeter during the audit answer and the attender go awaying express different perspectives in each report.Firstly, ideal unqualified audit report, in any case known as clean intuitive feeling because the attenders picture is non incumbent to be qualified or modified. It is the trump out type of report that a company can receive and in like manner the most common audit opinion. This report is issued when the auditor concludes that financial statements come out of the closet to be presented fairly and in that location are no any fundamental reservations or any veridical misstatements found within the financial statements presented. The regulation unqualified audit report covers seven distinct parts discip tune actIntroductory split up mise en scene carve upOpinion split upName of auditor hearers addressAudit report me shing.Typic each(prenominal)y, the report title will consists the word independent to demonstrate that the audit report on the watch is unbiased in all aspects. The introductory divide states the responsibilities and roles of management and the auditor and it is the foremost split of the report the scope carve up is a factual statement regarding the action of the auditor in audit process the opinion paragraph indicates the conclusion made by the auditor based on the audit result obtained and it is the last paragraph of the report. The name will find the audit firm and the address show the location of the audit firm. The date will show when the audit process is have a go at itd.For an auditor to issue a standard unqualified audit report, there are five particularized conditions need to be metThe financial statements must comprise all statements. (Statement of change Flow, Income Statement Balance Sheet)The engagement is adjacent the International Standards of Auditing (I SAs) in all respects.Adequate evidences lease been gathered to conclude that the terce just about standards of fieldwork have been met.The canonic method of accounting standards, which is the Financial Reporting Standards (FRS) and the Company Act, 1965 in Malaysia are employ to prepare the financial statements and the financial statements let ins proper and sufficient disclosure of all relevant material matters.The financial report is under the condition that is non requiring any additional explanation or any modification.For example, if the companys financial report had met these five tidy sum, the opinion paragraph will contain the phrases In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial status of (Auditors report, 2012) to warrant the financial statements give a true and fair trip up of the companys financial status. If any of the five conditions mentioned above are non met, the auditor cannot issue a st andard unqualified report. Hence, auditor is necessary to issue new(prenominal) types of audit report.On some occasions, a business can receive an unqualified audit report on its financial statements, scarce it is not a standard unqualified audit report. It can be classified as unqualified audit report with explanatory paragraph or modified enunciation. This report met the criteria of satisfactory audit and the financial statements are presented in a true and fair view basis. However, the auditor believes that it is necessary to provide additional information or to modify in the wording of the standard unqualified report. In order to ensure the issuance divert unqualified report with an explanatory paragraph or modified wording, it depends on five circumstancesApplication of approved accounting standards is scatty of consistency.thither is significant doubt about going concern.Auditor agrees with a discrepancy from the promulgated accounting principles.There is specific matter s about the financial statements shoot to be emphasized.Other auditors are involved in the reports.The premiere 4 circumstances mentioned above require the addition of an explanatory paragraph in the reports. Thus, the auditor has to issue an unqualified audit report with explanatory paragraph. For example, when the auditor found that the company does not have the big businessman to pay its debts when it is callable (Going concern). For instance, auditor issues an unqualified audit report with explanatory paragraph which apologize that there will be a misleading if the company continues to pay back to the promulgated accounting principles (Deviation). Furthermore, the introductory paragraph, scope paragraph and opinion paragraph are remains without any modification while a crack up explanatory paragraph is added after the opinion paragraph. The explanatory paragraph will begin with the phrases Without sufficeing our opinion, we draw attention to (Alvin et al., 2008, p.58) I n contrast, an unqualified audit report with modified wording will be used nevertheless when the audit report involving the use of other auditors. In this case, the report consists of three modified paragraph. For instance, an unqualified audit report with modified wording is issued when auditor wants to make reference in audit report or to qualify the opinion. (Other auditors are involved)Due to some reasons, there are three circumstances that are in impound for an auditor to issue an unqualified report. The three conditions that compulsory a departure from an unqualified audit reports areScope limitDeparture from approved accounting standardsLack of independence of the auditorScope limitation exists when the auditors seemed unable to gather adequate evidence to make a conclusion on whether the financial statements are verbalize in line with the approved accounting standards. Departure from approved accounting standards turn offs in dapple where the presented financial statem ents are not in conformity with the approved accounting standards. Lack of independence of the auditor means there is a non-independent family under the code of ethic between auditor and auditee or there is material conflict of interest occur between this both parties. When these three conditions exist and is material, the auditor is required to issue a report other than the unqualified report, which are qualified opinion, adverse opinion and disclaimer of opinion.A qualified report is issued when the auditor encountered any of these two situations, scope of audit is restricted or single deviation from approved accounting standards, exclusively the financial statements presented are free of any misstatements. Typically, the writing of a qualified opinion is very alike to an unqualified opinion, still it allows an explanatory paragraph that is clearly explains the reasons for the qualified audit report before opinion paragraph but after scope paragraph. Moreover, the term exce pt for must be used only when an auditor issue a qualified report. This will indicate that the auditor is satisfied that the overall financial statements are stated fairly except for true aspect of them. The introductory paragraph is similar to the unqualified opinion whereas a slight modification is done in the scope and the opinion paragraphs. For example, in scope paragraph to inform the user about the exception of this reservation, the auditor performs the rest of the audit without efficiencys by stating draw off as discussed in the following paragraph, we conducted our audit (Auditors report, 2012) whereas in opinion paragraph, the auditor should states In our opinion, except for (Auditors report, 2012) to remind the user regarding the expressed qualification is explicitly excluded from auditors opinion.In addition, a qualified report can be in the form of a qualification of both the scope and the opinion or of the opinion alone. Auditor whitethorn issue a scope and opinion qualification when he/she could not accumulate sufficient data required by the approved accounting standards. This may due to the clients restriction or the auditor had encountered some circumstance that prevents him/her to conduct a complete audit. Examples of this include an auditor not being able to observe and test a companys inventory of goods. If the auditor audited the rest of the financial statements and is reasonably sure that they conform with GAAP, then the auditor simply states that the financial statements are fairly presented, with the exception of the inventory which could not be audited. (Auditors report, 2012) In this case, a standard wording for introductory paragraph will be used and the scope paragraph will be edited to make user aware of the qualification and the opinion paragraph is to be modified. On the other hand, a qualification of the opinion alone is issued when specific records are missing or some parts of the financial statements are not followed with the approved accounting standards. Examples of this include a company dedicated to a retail business that did not correctly calculate the depreciation expense of its building. Even if this expense is considered material, since the rest of the financial statements do conform with GAAP, then the auditor qualifies the opinion by describing the depreciation misstatement in the report and continues to issue a clean opinion on the rest of the financial statements. (Auditors report, 2012) In this situation, auditor use standard wording for introductory and scope paragraph, then add an additional paragraph to explain the companys deviation from the approved accounting standards and add in certain phrases in the opinion paragraph.Adverse opinion is the worst type of audit report that a company received and it is considered the opposite of an unqualified opinion. Auditor will issue this type of report when it is believes that the financial reports presented are differ from the approved accoun ting standards. In addition, auditor had concluded that misstatement and misleading are both material and pervasive to the financial statements, this means the information contained have been falsified or are in other ways erroneous. For instance, the failure of a company to issue the consolidation of all its operations or a material account such as revenue account is not recorded properly.The wording of the adverse report is exactly the same as with the qualified report. Auditor will modify the scope paragraph because and add another(prenominal) paragraph after scope paragraph, but before opinion paragraph to discuss the reason why it is an adverse opinion. The opinion paragraph involves the most significant change with the qualified report, where it is stating the facts that the financial statements are not conformity with the approved accounting standards. For example, the opinion paragraph will contain the phrases In our opinion, because of the situations mentioned above (in th e explanatory paragraph), the financial statements referred to in the first paragraph do not present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of (Auditors report, 2012) to reveals that the financial reports are unreliable, inaccurate and do not present a fair view of the companys financial status or results of operations and cash flows. It is an indication of fraud. An adverse opinion can arise only when the auditor has fellowship, after an adequate investigation, of the absence of conformity. (Alvin et al., 2008, p.60) When receiving an adverse report, the auditee is communicate to do correction in its financial statements and send it to re-audit to obtain another audit report. Otherwise, the investors, lenders, governments and other users will generally not accept it.Lastly, a disclaimer of opinion, generally referred to simply as a disclaimer, is a modified type of audit report. In certain situation, due to various reasons, an auditor could not perform their wo rk. He/She tried to audit the company but unable to obtain sufficient amount of audit evidence, thus he/she refuses to express an opinion on the companys financial status. Since the auditor could not complete an accurate audit report, he/she will issue a disclaimer of opinion. A disclaimer opinion is differs from the adverse opinion. It is only issued when the auditor is lacking of the knowledge regarding the companys financial statements while adverse opinion is issued when the auditor has the knowledge that the financial records provided has been misrepresented. A disclaimer of opinion is appropriate in the following circumstances lack of independence (SAS 26) scope limitations (inability to obtain sufficient fitted evidential matter) (SAS 58) when the auditor concludes that there is substantial doubt about the entitys ability to survive (going-concern) (SAS 59) and matters involving uncertainties (SAS 79). (Davis, Robert R., 2004, para. 2) For example, the client intentionally h ides or refuses to present sufficient appropriate information and evidence to the auditor in significant areas of the financial statements. (Scope limitation) For instance, the company has faced going concern problem which means that the company may not be able to continue operating in the get on future. (Substantial doubt about the entitys ability to survive)Additionally, a disclaimer opinion is also distinguished from the other types of audit reports. This is because it only provides little information concerning the audit itself and consists of an additional paragraph that explaining the reasons for the issuance of disclaimer report. In this report, all the paragraphs are under extensively modification and with the exclusion of the entire scope paragraph since the auditor could not adequately perform the audit. The first phrase in the introductory paragraph will be changed to We were engaged to audit (Auditors report, 2012) kind of of We have audited (Auditors report, 2012) in order to let the users aware of the audit is not completed. Since the audit was not completed and opinion cannot be expressed, the auditor disagrees to take any business by omitting the last sentence in this paragraph, that is Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audit. (Auditors report, 2012) provided like the qualified and adverse opinions, auditor must discuss the conditions for the disclaimer in explanatory paragraph. Lastly, the opinion paragraph is completely adjusted to Because of the signification of the matters discussed in the preceding paragraphs, the scope of our work was not sufficient to modify us to express, and we do not express, an opinion of the financial statements referred to in the first paragraph. (Auditors report, 2012) in order to let users know that the auditor cannot form and express an opinion on the companys financial status due to the conditions stated in the explanatory paragraph.

Unfair Dismissal Legislation

Un bonnie Dismissal LegislationIn this paper we impart examine the tension between foul (employee) run rule and the self-sufficiency of conductrs to run their departments as they see fit.Interestingly, the research refers to repugnrs skillful to manage their employees It should be stated at the outset, unlike the rights afforded to employees by legislation and the common rectitude, which atomic number 18 enforceable rights per se there is no such right enshrined in the law to protect the self-reliance of managing directors.It is also interesting to none that the call into question does non ask us to d iscuss the degree to which unfair run legislation takes by conductors right to manage their employees centerively or well, or ask us to causerie upon whether or not the suppression of motorbuss liberty is a good or a bad thing for the increase of a healthy and personnelive commercial workplace.We will argue in this essay that such an assessment is central to th e question of this paper. After all, for example, the practice of law and Criminal Evidence sham 1984, which seeks (inter alia) to regulate the conduct of Police Officers, mogul well be seen to take external rights of the police to arrest citizens, hardly only does so to protect the citizen from unconstitutional and unacceptable authoritarian practices. Likewise, in the case of unfair hammock legislation, if the effect is to prevent poor focus practice, then this stick outnot be seen as a negative thing.The worry is that such legislation will mediate with good care, by creating expectations in the minds of employees regarding the normal acceptable processes which govern their employment and as such, might prevent managers from pickings the initiative to be creative and progressive in their management address.The question therefore boils down to whether or not the current unfair sacque legislation in the UK is sufficiently flexible to allow management creative thinking t o blossom to the advantage of all stakeholders in the employee-management-employer relationship.Unfair expiration of employees is governed by Part X of the economic consumption Rights Act 1996, as am block uped by Part 3 of the involution Act 2002. The right to not be unfairly cast offed is defined is s94 of the 1996 Act, and s95 of the same act outlines the circumstances which argon capable of giving rise to a breach of this employment right.Hepple and Morris (2002) p255 comment upon the amendments to the unfair sackful legislation introduced by the Employment Act 2002 The raw statutory standard and modified disciplinary procedures, broad in humor further minimalist in their requirements, are so rudimentary in nature that they afford little protection to employeesand fall importantly shortsighted of the requirements of the current ACAS Code and of the standards of reasonableness developed by tribunals. This would front to arouse that this legislation has had little impa ct upon curtailing the right of managers to manage their employees, especially in light of the fact that there is no significant deterrent effect arising from the remedy contained in s34(6) of the 2002 Act, which only entitles an unfairly dismissed employee to four weeks even out compensation.It also seems apparent that s34(2) of the Employment Act 2002 has reversed the case law termination of Polkey v A. E. Dayton Services 1988 in which it was decided that employers (and, much importantly, their managers) should be reasonable in their choice and use of employee tone ending procedures.S34(2) of the Employment Act 2002 introduced s98A into the Employment Act 1996, sub division 2 of which states Failure by an employer to fare a procedure in relation to the dismissal of an employee shall not be regarded for the purposes of section 98(4)(a) as by itself making the employers action unreasonable if he shows that he would fork over decided to dismiss the employee if he had followed t he procedure. Again, there is nothing in this section which would purport that managers rights to employ their own styles of disciplinary procedure convey been curtailed As coherent as the procedures employed lead to a decision identical to that which would have been generated through adherence to the standard dismissal procedures contained in the UK Employment Acts. It might be argued that that this procedural latitude will not be enforced to its full extent, and therefore that employers and their managers cannot rely upon its provisions to elude liability for nonprocedural conformance, but, as Collins (2004) reports The potential width of this exception should not be underestimated.In regards to this amendment and also to the introduction of the ACAS code under the Employment Act 2002, Smith and Morton (2006) write In spite of government declarations, it is not clear how the ACAS Code and case law can impose a higher procedural standard than the statutory procedures in an unfa ir dismissal claim, although the test of a reasonable employer (whose action will fall indoors the range of reasonable receptions) remains. Henceforth an employer defending a dismissal may argue that adherence to a procedure above the statutory borderline or the ACAS Code would not have led to a varied outcome. It would therefore seem that, under the new unfair dismissal politics, employers have even more latitude to escape liability for unfair dismissal by procedural unfairness and therefore, even less reason to hold in their managers by insisting on extra training or standard management practices.It should also be noted that under the Employment Tribunals (Constitution and Rules of Procedure) Regulations 2001, the maximum award available to an employer from an employee who unsuccessfully brings a claim in the employment tribunal has been substantially increased as it now, by justice of the Employment Tribunal Regulations 2004, can also include non- efficacious preparation costs. This moldiness serve as a deterrent to employees from making frivolous and/or poorly constructed claims for unfair dismissal.Ans so, our analysis of the UK legislative framework on unfair dismissal all point to a conclusion that this regime does not have any significant effect upon the right of managers to manage their employees, so long as the procedures utilized are synonymous by result. However, there is often a big difference between the legal impact of legislation and its cultural effect. Let us now coiffe a literature review of several key sources in the cranial orbit of employee management to see if the practical and real effect of the revise unfair dismissal legislation has been to curtail the creativity of managers or otherwise interfere with their right to manage their employees, in effect or otherwise.The first point which can be identified from the literature is that the legislation on unfair dismissal has had different effects on different sized of business. W hilst the research is relatively out of date, it seems clear that the wee business sector has been the least moved(p) by the noble dismissal regime. As Harrison et al (1998) write The major(ip) studies (e.g. Dickens et al., 1985) are now dated and there have been fewer attempts to up-date preferably assessments of the impact of unfair dismissal legislation on small firms (e.g. Clifton and Tatton-Brown, 1979 Daniel and Stilgoe, 1978 Evans et al., 1985). This research and the periodic WIRS surveys (Millward et al., 1992) indicated that small businesses were less likely to have formal disciplinary procedures than larger businesses. This would suggest that small business managers autonomy to manage in their own way has not been significantly taken away by the UKs unfair dismissal legislation and its enshrined standard procedures.This is confirmed by the findings of a case study analysis by Harrison et al (1998) who build that The presence of a formal indite disciplinary procedur e does not, of itself, reassure that it is applied/observed by all managers, nor that common disciplinary standards will be applied to all employees, or even to all employees in the same occupation, grade, etc. For example, two instances were found where the senior site manager in multi-site companies in the catering sector was not familiar with the requirements of their companies written procedures.Harrison et al (1998) also found, from their interviews, that managers in this sector took a flexible approach to disciplinary action. The problem with this is that the approach is likely to differ from manager to manager with the result that the only way companies can maintain consistency is not to change, remove or replace senior managers There was evidence from many of the interviews of a flexible approach being taken to disciplinary actionThis flexibility evidently has its strengths, but it inevitably also raises issues of perceived consistency or dissimilitude among employees of actions taken by different managers Its potential effect on twain employee morale and on potential unfair dismissal claims and outcomes, was a brain reason why many organizations have restricted the right to dismiss to senior managers.Interestingly however, the interviews conducted across multi-site organizations revealed that managers were able to draw on the wider resources of their organizations, including the advice and expertise of HR/personnel specialists. In some cases these specialists became involved in portion line managers to handle disciplinary cases, usually with the effect of avoiding major discrepancies. This would suggest that the UK unfair dismissal legislation has had a noticeable impact upon the rights of managers in larger organizations to manage their employees, the procedures clearly being taken seriously if out of doors help is being drafted in regularly.In pages 457-458, Harrison et al (1998) discuss the effect of unfair dismissal legislation on manageme nt style. They confirm our previous conclusion that Managers are still acting autonomously despite the unfair dismissal legislation There are ac dealledged difficulties in attempting to categorise management styles in organisations, not least because they may vary from one manager to another, and from one situation to another.McCabe and Rabil (2001) write convincingly on the rights of employees and the impact of these rights on employers and their managers. At page 34 they write The most critical right of employees is the right to due process (Velasquez, 1982, p. 327)Due process involves a system of checks and balances, it increases the aimness of decisionsthe topic of due process in work organizations calls for much greater conceptual development, practical experimentation, and systematic research (Aram and Salipante, Jr., 1981, p. 198). Prima facie, these respective statements seem to conflict with one another On the one hand, McCabe and Rabil talk of objective decision making, and yet on the other, they talk of the need for practical experimentation. However, I would argue that, rather than being mutually exclusive, these observations demonstrate the ability for fair management autonomy to co-exist with principles of due process, if not necessarily consistency. Managers can accomplish their own style of disciplinary procedures into a workplace as long as these implementations are perceived as subscribing to the princinple of due process and the end effects of these implementations are consistent with the outcomes which would have been reached under the statutory procedures.This confirms what we postulated earlier in this essay namely, that the unfair dismissal legislation does not significantly impede effective and fair management autonomy, but simply prevents managers from managing their employees in ways which are inappropriate or do not follow the principle of due process. As McCabe and Rabil (2001) write Not all managers know how to manage their wor k force effectively, nor do they all treat their employees fairly. A good due process system cannot make managers manage more fairly. It may provide a strong incentive for them to do that, but if they don t know how, the process itself will not educate them.In conclusion, I would argue that since the inception of the Employment Act 2002, which amended the unfair dismissal legislation contained in the Employment Rights Act 1996, the UKs legislation on the unfair dismissal of employees is sufficiently flexible to allow employers and their managers the autonomy to create and implement their own employee management procedures, so long as these procedures are capable of yielding fair and equitable decisions.Thus, in response to the specific question, to what degree has the unfair dismissal legislation taken away managers right to manage their employees? I would argue that it has significantly taken away this right. However, in relation to the more important question, to what degree has the unfair dismissal legislation taken away managers right to manage their employees fairly and effectively? I would argue that it has not taken away this right significantly.

Pay and Rewards in Human Resource Strategies

Pay and Rewards in valet de chambre Resource StrategiesIntroductionSocometal is joint ventures were 52% owned by French corporation and 48% by Senegalese it deals with metal container and tooshie. 150-800 ar endure in the caller-up for the past 20 old age with the profit of $ r as yetue million.AnalysisIn this case study we croupe find ternion important people they atomic number 18 Diop is a Senegalese engineer (Asst action passenger car), Mr Olveir Bernard is a piddle Manager from France and NDiaye is a factory counterfeiter. African steering placements atomic number 18 followed in running the comp both. Majority of the music directors ar from Africa with only 8-10 Managers be from France. in that location was a run across, where NDiaye requested Diop to sign an presidential term regarding the oer clock time of ii hour benefits to app subvert the production by 30%. NDiaye is solely trusty for the entire production process. Accepting the offer he positiv ely replied that We could fifty-fifty produce more. 12000 units are manufactured per day and requests for 30% append in the production level. Mr Bernard did non devote faithful character of chara disposec as he was arrogant, uncommunicative and negative because of his character produce was limited. Socometal agrees with the capture to meet the short time profit in the volume of production. later on doing some calculation this was non agreed by Mr Bernard as he tell We lead neer get from our clearers after saying this he went to his home town collect to illness. After the agreement proposal by Diop, he went to different surgical incision to discuss the proposal. Some French and Italian expatriates expressed that the puzzle outers will non do overtime plainly closely agreed it was worth a try. Diop gave his agreement on causality to NDiaye by ensuring 30% increase in production by end of the day. Wages will be refractory only after assessing the increase of prod uction by the commission. One old French logistics manager said Africans arent lazy that they work to live, and once they squander enough they refuse to do more. Action came into play after four age negotiation between Diop and NDiaye. Work was allocated to two of his subordinates to save enough time and energy to mobilise the workers. One of the Senegalese foreman declared that this agreement is an one of the best practice were workers can earn an extra currency and also show French way that they are more adequate to(p) workers than they think. Worker started one extra hour per day to increase the production to 8% more than expectation. Production levels been increased to 18000-22000 units per day between 38%-43% in two month time they created history and all the workers were so proud of their results. Mr Bernard returned from his illness he was shocked to see transports in the club there was dispute between Diop and Mr Bernard regarding the two hours pay to the worker, w here work was achieved in one hour. Diops agreement with worker was not accepted by his manager and he stated that you stick out put the direction in bustle and acted against company policies. He was unable to express his views about the process transplant to his manager as he was not layested. Thinking in employees standardisedly he plans to meet the Managing Director. To respect the nomenclature of Diop and NDiaye workers decided to primary(prenominal)tain the saucy production level. The worker expressed if Mr Bernard deals the same as he did originally the production reduces to normal.Background of HRM in IndiaIn todays world there is eager cut throat competition and e rattlingone wants to reach great heights in order to stay in the top level for a long-dated point in time of time. India is land of opportunities and it is becoming one of the hot spots in the world. tender-hearted resourcefulness guidance is not same all over the world, its entirely differs from t he societies within various(prenominal) countries. Culture is defined as a group which moulds a person values, ethics and identity with the following differences similar ethnicity, race, gender, class, religion, region so on and so forth. Cross refinement in management terms- It message people operative in the different heathen environs with different sets of people with different acculturation, caste and and so on further it is said that refining is concerned with the behaviour of our job, its all about adopting to the working environment, cultural differences, styles, participate in meetings, what we verbalise and finally dealing with the differences. every(prenominal) company has an organisation structure and differs with each company it literally means the companys structure of an organization according to their grant and ranks, 3 types of hierarchy system which is maintained in our country shoutly hierarchical, matrix and flat. These structures are prompt keepi ng just one home culture which indirectly hits covert as diversity of culture is involved. It deals with the vision of the company and also defines responsibility to each staffs or individuals. It is also called as a management hawkshaw where division of labour is cultivated and it gives detailed structure of role from swiftness level management to lower level of management. Most companies in India are quality centric organizations which are ISO 90012000 certified which generally means quality is maintained. Managing people in India requires micro management strategy only with this strategy best outcome is resulted as when we compare to our western countries is different. Companies tends to run backup on one talented individual who will have the main control to direct the employees in order to get the assigned work do without any further questions.Meaning of pay in management termsPay means its an amount which is paying to the staff in the organisation for the services rende red. There are 2 types of pay i.e. flash-frozen and changeable pay. Pay scales vary as per the role and designation in the company. Now let me take you to the subject matter of pay mirth in India. We all know that salary is an outcome of an employees work and it plays a vital role in the tenure of stay in an organization. dickens types of organisation are operated in India they are occult and Public organisation. Private organisation pays more to employees compare to public organisation. Job security is less(prenominal) in private organisation when compared to public organisation. Some employees are paying(a) more than the fixed salary due to personal attributes there are 2 types of variable are fixed and variable pay.All the companies in India are mathematical operation driven organization and they will undertake conglomerate improvements on research and development techniques by encouraging SMART objectives in order to drive and reward consummateances. In order to encoura ge dischargeance, the company institutes a variable pay plan, for staff members in Work direct 1 and Work direct 2, Variable Pay is based wholly on individual performance outcomes and for staff members in Work Level 3 and above the plan is based on documented annual corporate milestones translated into annual departmental and individual goals and performances. The performance contributions in the individual and corporate goals are rewarded every quarter. Below table is one of the examples of variable pay scheme.Managers in IndiaManagers are one of the core head of a company with a significant impact in terms of their effectuation in international companies. A manager should build a commodity rapport with his employees and moreover he should be kind and if any chore arises he should handle it carefully as many of the employees future hangs with him. There is a saying like, Good managers gives good air. Managers are passing excellent and they have their own strengths in comp anys point of view. Strengths as follows like communication skills, managing a team, convincing employees, motivation and etc. Employees work harder and their work will not be notified as more of internal political science takes place. Let me give u an example to support my statement.Eg- Mr A whole kit and boodle in, MT company for 5 years and he does not have good skills to support his tenure in the company, he was staying only because he had good rapport in the higher level management and Mr B joins Mr A as a colleague in the same department 3 years earlier, after 2 years there was an extremity for senior position where Mr B had all the requirements to support his 2 years stay in the company, management took a bad decision by recruiting Mr A stating that he had weaken work engenders when compared with Mr B.This is how mangers in the company fill an existing employee to a next level even though employee has good skills and all the qualifications to match the job profile, they would rather go to an employee who has only experience and not anything else.The final area of consideration in human resource management is pay and reward in perception relating to thwartwise cultureCross culture issues come in the organisation level, the simple spring is that companies operates in different countries organizes their daily activities or business differently. Cross culture takes place when company goes for globalisation.One of the major competitions that the companies in India encounter is that in the domestic market, for instance, that international firms now faces a stiff competition from goods produced in India by imports and MNCs.Cross culture differences causes a great challenge to HRMFactors modify industrial relations, loyalty, productivity etc are the attitude of the employers, values, outlooks, beliefs and the social factors. Its a never ending process and there is no stoppage to pick the cross cultural differences as they are many. We can differences i n the labour mobility and inter personal factors. Let me give a best example.In UK we can find that head of the company or boss will be called as MR or by name but in our country addressing a boss by name would not be authorizedAttitude towards employmentAttitude varies from one individual to another individual, in the same way attitude of employers and employees in different country changes. We have heard about, Fire and Hire policy, as it is common in many countries but in some countries they follow lifetime employment. preliminary we (India) were following lifetime employment and employees will have right to change job as they preferred without giving any opportunities to newcomers by creating a surplus manpower and in these situations it is great difficult in dislodging uneconomical employees. However the good news is that we are changing to the foreign culture by implementing Fire and Hire Policy.SalarySalary is nothing but a sizeable amount which is paid to employees of the company which may be fixed or variable. Money plays a major part in everyones life and it has become an essential resource just like water supply and air where we cant live without it.In India salary is not fixed for all the employees even though staffs in the same team work together, there lot of differences which really hurts in a big time. This is because of internal politics among employees and management, in this case not only management has to be blamed but also employees who uses personal force like emotions, venerate or attachments.Recommendations or influenceRecommendations play an important role in India.For instance an employee, who does not have any management skills and ability to work in a company, still will be recruited to work due to the influence of higher authorities like politician, senior workers in the organisation and etc. When compared to other parts of the world, the entire management system is strictly based on the individual working skill and attitude. Performance approximationPerformance appraisal is nothing but the assessment of employees performance and meeting the set targets. In India appraisal is done on yearly posterior and employees will be intimidated by the pay increase from the management. We have skilled labours and pay is not compensated with that skills. By evaluating employees performance management takes all the necessary aspects into consideration like metrics which should always be green and not even amber is halted. Before performance appraisal, managers would speak in such a way that better appraisals are wedded to the workers and get the job done even on weekends where salary is not counted for that day. They would also tell that they will look after the future growth in the company but fail to do so even though they employees have brilliant track records. Once appraisals are done managers does not even listen to employees feedback on appraisals.The following chart demonstrates increase in HRA, Current All owance and Medical Allowance and there is no difference in Basic Salary even though performance appraisal in increased by 4% stipend and rewardsCompensation entails salary and other benefits, salary refers to the take or salary the employees earn, the movement for compensation is that employees work harder which will influence the attitudes and behaviours. In other words its just like a motivation or energising employees to perform at the highest well. Compensations are just said but its not given.Managements finishManagement takes decision only in companys point of view and not in employees perspective. Before taking decision even suggestions from the employees are not welcomed. Even employees do understand its not necessary to consult in the entire cases but to some extent it has to be discussed where employees are involved in the work. An individual opinion does not count even though we (employees) are called as company assets.Employee RelationsGood employee relations will be recognised with the good rapport and team building environment but in India employee relations are not as very good as it was earlier. Employees are not valued as they are underrated even though they perform well.RecommendationsEach and every employee should be set equally with no variancesAll the employees must be treated equally with respect and there should not be any variances. It means that management sets up company policies stating that there should be no discrimination, harassment of any employee either directly or indirectly with respect to race, culture, nationality, marital stance and age etc. However employees do not follow and creates bother in the organisation by not following the ethics and principles.Manager should build good rapport with the employeesThere are several factors which devote to build rapport with the employees. Managers earn their respect by respecting the employees. If an employee does not perform well or fail to meet the target, discus the probl ems that they face in an lax way and support them when they are down and out. Have an informal talks when needed than formal talks, they should not neglect their work as priority should be given to employees work than anything else.A manager should entertain to have open discussionsManager is not the only person who work in the organisation but there are many of the employees, staffs and workers work above or under him. Good decision yields good business to the company so when managers take decision he should take decisions in management point of view and with the employees perspective in a better way.Minimum wage act as per Government of IndiaRevised wage is Rs 100 per day and it is not properly designed to lower categories of people working in the organisation such as security, housekeeping department, etc. Some people do not know what our minimum advantage is and company utilizes the resources very well, as majority of the employees are illiterate.Government of India should ba n consultancies or agencies who operates illegallyConsultancy is a recruitment centre where people are trained and recruited on behalf of the company. There are number of consultancies in India and its quick growing, People who lack skills can even join the company by paying huge amount of money and consultancies are misusing it in the name of recruitment. Where as in other countries the role is to forward the resume to the company and their work stops.Employees should be compensated with better payAwards and reward is not given to the individuals who works in the company and their work is not recognize by the top level management. Skilled labours are not paid properly for their work. Most of the MNC companies have their employees to sign a contract or just like a bonded labour which is illegal in India but management follows the same and interestingly employees signs the contract because of stiff competition in the market and risk of not getting the desired job. Compensations are not paid fully and correctly in time during emergencies. During training period and internship programmes trainee should be given atleast minimum wages to satisfy the basic postulateSalary structure should be well organised by the managementManagement should implement good performance appraisals as in India we can find that whenever appraisals are done only with respect to HRA, medical and locomotion allowances, no changes are made in the basic salary. Management plays a hidden role in fixing the basic salary to the employees, as it should fix different levels of basic pay as per the role and designation in the company. So whenever an employee moves forward to the next level, he should be accompanied with respect to the salary structures as per the requirements of the specified designation demands.ReferencesArmstrong, M. (1997) People and Organisation. capital of the United KingdomHenderson, I. (2008) Human Resource Management. capital of the United Kingdom CIPDJohnson, R. (2004) The Practice of Cultural Studies. London salviaPerkins,Stephen J. Shortland, Susan M. (2006) Strategic International Human Resource Management. London CIPDSharma, a. Khandekar, A. (2006) Strategic Human Resource Management. London SAGEThomas J Bergmann Vida G Searpello (2000) quaternate edn. Compensation Decision Making. LondonWilly McCourt Derek Eldridge (2003) Global Human Resource Management. London(n. d.) online available from 04.04.10(n. d.) online available from 08.04.10(n. d.) online available from 15.0410(n. d.) online available from 16.04.10(n. d.) online available from 17.04.10(n. d.) online available from 14/04/2010

The Fate of Food Essay -- Health, Unethical Methods, Chemicals

The Fate of FoodThe hidden methods used to produce the victuals we drink in today are unethical. These methods include the usage of chemicals, and abuse of workers and animal(prenominal)s. The form of producing nutrient goes on everyday but as consumers, we are unaware of how it is done. A vast majority of Americans are not aware of the highly outfit structure of the industrial food establishment. Determined to capitalize on earn and production, social responsibility and food safety has taken a backseat to the industrial food system.The three most significant problems of the industrial food system are animal cruelty, the lack of biodiversity, and the treatment of farm workers, and these problems can be resolved by creating more efficient food agencies, government subsidies for slight organic farmers, and agencies that protect farmers rights). The industrial food system is the cause of animal cruelty because of pulverization farms. The treatment of farm animals is barbaric (Blatt 2008, 195). The procedure for aggrandisement farm animals is inhumane. Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation (CAFO) is a process of the industrial farming system that separates animals from their natural habitat and confines them into farmhouses with thousands of some other livestock. (Walsh 2009) In modern factory farms, animals are crowded into dirty, windowless farmhouses and cramped in wire cages, and gestation crates. (Niman 2009, 101) Hogs for example are confined in these factory farms for twenty-four hours a day. This raises a lot of issues because these animals will never throw away the chance to raise their families, enjoy free-range, or roam in sedgelike fields. Newborn piglets are separated from their mothers. The animals are deprived of access to angelical air and are fed through ... ...d health. I propose the origination of the Farm Workers Labor Protection Agency (FWLPA). Through the FWLPA, farmworkers can plow their concerns without fear of being fired or deported. The FWLPA will work with OSHA to use its safety standards to individual farms. Farmers prior to being hired will be taught safety standards and ESL classes will be provided twice a week to immigrant farmers who do not speak English. Workers compensation, living conditions, and wages will be esteem as part of the FWLPAs standards which will include a $10 dollar starting pay, and overtime pay. Industrial farm workers face unplayful work conditions and should be rewarded accordingly. With the creation of new and efficient agencies, the industrial food system in the United States will lower health issues, protect animals and workers rights, and develop a sustainable strategy.

The Impact of Education on the Renaissance Essay -- European Renaissanc

The gigantic effect that education had on renascence society was greatly stimulated by the new development of secular humanism. Humanism was responsible for the wonder of many intellects during the renascence, which ultimately led to the discoveries and developments that made the Renaissance such a remarkable time. It proposed a different way of view, unprecedented by scholars. Without humanism and the educational intimacy that it brought about, the Renaissance would not be known as the explosion of culture that it is considered today. humaneic belief that ?the church should not run civic matters, but should guide in only spiritual matters? (The Humanist Philosophy) led to the expansion in education that the Renaissance is known for. Because Italian humanists believed that they should become knowledgeable and apply that knowledge for the benefit of civilization in general, a huge boom in education, seperate from that taught by the clergy, occurred (The Humanist Philosophy). For the startle time in modern years, the philosophy of ancient Greeks such as Plato and Socrates were studied widely so as to better understand the thinking behind those of ancient times, an era greatly admired by the Italians of Renaissance times. These studies were a bridge to more mathematical thinking than the objective thinking of the past, thoughts were backed up by reasoning. This kind of thought and study eventually led to the opposition to the Church teachings about subjects such as Indulgences, which were not proven to be true by any known document, including the news (Renaissance - Humanism). Without the new thoughts brought about by education during the Renaissance, society may very(prenominal) well electrostatic be dominated by the Church.The study of the s... ...the Renaissance allowed for new thoughts on the theory of gravity as well as other significant topics important to learning about the way the cosmos functions. Without the educational boom brought about by humanism, these important understandings might still be unknown today (Renaissance ? Science in the Renaissance). Humanism was the main(prenominal) factor behind the immense increase in educational interest in a society that is best known for its intellectual advancements. Without this new thirst for knowledge felt by many during the Renaissance, this time tip would have been lost in the deep pool of European history. Education, and therefrom humanism, made it the exceptionally well regarded era that it is. We owe the inventions, discoveries, and general advancements that came from this breaker point to the expansion of fascination in education during the Renaissance.

The World Of Hair :: essays research papers

In The World of Hair passim time, the world of whisker, and straightway the well-known field of cosmetology gather in raisin and fell. I tramp remember the time when black women were wearing Afros and Caucasian women utterly cuts and now things have evolving into all these long flowing hairstyles and not to mention the occurrent health these days on our hair. Seems like the days on juices and berries were hairs happiest time. directly going thur how we manage our hair is tricky but here atomic number 18 some great ways of staying on top of every strand. versed that mornings or the worst time for all of us here is the eclipse to keeping a well-groomed and healthy crop on hair. If you have short hair of any type than this is the beast stagy for it, a respectable shower wash before you start that steamy shower. And wash in two ways to insure that there will be no oil shape up up because old can slow a hairstyle down or even take leave a style right in its tracks. succee ding(prenominal) you would requisite to apply and good protein based conditioner such as, cholesterol and get it to remain on the hair operate root to tip of the succession of your shower and when you rinse than your hair rinses this method saves time and micturate. Now that your hair is all-clean and you need and quick method of wrying it and before we get the drying part lets stop and think bout how we want to where our hair, now seeing as we have a short bobbed length with about 8 inches of hair to work with we need to apply a styling aid and that would be in the form of a lotion or cream. I prefer the lotion myself, so apply the setting lotion to the hair this will act as a fixative that will lock the style in place. Next we are ready to blow with a handheld blow dryer this wait on will take twenty to twenty-five min. After blowing the hair dry we are ready to style the hair.Now that we have decided that we want some bounce and curl in our hair for the day here is how we will get the results needed for a day at the piece and an evening on the town. You will need a medium to oversized curling iron (a heat motivated instrument) and a light styling spray.

Technology Transfer :: essays research papers

Analyzing the beam of technology from one place to some other(prenominal) can be a very difficult task. People ask tried to trace the origins of specific technologies and map out what cultures it affected, why and what preserve the technology had on history. Books bind been written on conclusions that authors have do after doing the research I have suggested. I believe that obtaining the schooling to write a book about this subject is extremely saturated and confusing, this is a personal assumption that I have do with estimate to the fact that reading a book on this subject is knockout and confusing. After reading The Tools of Empire by Daniel R. Headrick and excerpts from both Technology in World Civilization by A. Pacey and Major Problems in the History of American Technology, I have formed some opinions of my own primarily base on my readings about 19th and twentieth century technology murder.During the ordinal century two study(ip) events stand out in link to te chnology. First the progress and power of industrial technology, second the domination and developing of Africa and Asia by Europeans. In the book The Tools of Empire, Headrick the author connects theses factors through some examples in history. Leading into the twentieth century even though more would the kindreds of to fast forward into the dawn of electronics, there is still a major focus on technology in Africa and Asia. However, the transfer of technology is direct steering away from dominating and leaning towards local adaptation.Africa and India experienced a deeper affect of technological transfer because they were conquered and colonized by Europe. The steamboat with its ability to blend in up and down river enabled Europeans deep into Africa and Asia. The railroad helped eliminate the difficulties of inland merchant marine for Europeans in India. The steamboat and the Railroad were two important technologies of the nineteenth century that changed many aspects of lif e in India and Africa. Chinas rulers controlled European tempt earlier tightly, yet there was trade of course. And through the opium war there was an beguile of European technology in China.In the twentieth century the transfer of technology from industrialized to the less industrialized is still contingency. Yet it is occurrence a slightly different manner instead of being obligate upon a nation it is being adapted to and for a nation. In the mid-thirties the United States made advancements in genetic chemical technology.Technology transfer essays research papers Analyzing the transfer of technology from one place to another can be a very difficult task. People have tried to trace the origins of specific technologies and map out what cultures it affected, why and what shock the technology had on history. Books have been written on conclusions that authors have made after doing the research I have suggested. I believe that obtaining the study to write a book about this s ubject is extremely unspoken and confusing, this is a personal assumption that I have made with deliberate to the fact that reading a book on this subject is unenviable and confusing. After reading The Tools of Empire by Daniel R. Headrick and excerpts from both Technology in World Civilization by A. Pacey and Major Problems in the History of American Technology, I have formed some opinions of my own primarily ground on my readings about nineteenth and twentieth century technology transfer.During the nineteenth century two major events stand out in affiliation to technology. First the progress and power of industrial technology, second the domination and ontogenesis of Africa and Asia by Europeans. In the book The Tools of Empire, Headrick the author connects theses factors through many examples in history. Leading into the twentieth century even though many would like to fast forward into the dawn of electronics, there is still a major focus on technology in Africa and Asia. H owever, the transfer of technology is straightway steering away from dominating and leaning towards local adaptation.Africa and India experienced a deeper affect of technological transfer because they were conquered and colonized by Europe. The steamboat with its ability to go bad up and down river enabled Europeans deep into Africa and Asia. The railroad helped eliminate the difficulties of inland transportation for Europeans in India. The steamboat and the Railroad were two important technologies of the nineteenth century that changed many aspects of life in India and Africa. Chinas rulers controlled European influence sooner tightly, yet there was trade of course. And through the opium war there was an influence of European technology in China.In the twentieth century the transfer of technology from industrialized to the less industrialized is still happening. Yet it is happening a slightly different manner instead of being constrained upon a nation it is being adapted to and f or a nation. In the thirties the United States made advancements in genetic chemical technology.